Cells onto 3D Objects and Scaffolds

The upgrading of the conventional techniques with versatile computer-guided manufacturing systems has resulted in the development of so-called rapid 

The thread of molten polymer or solution is solidified by the effect of the temperature or precipitation in a coagulation bath. 

The fused deposition modeling uses computer tomography or magnetic resonance imaging to design the model of the scaffold. The image is imported into sofiware, which mathematically slices the model into layers. The scaffold is created by extrusion of one layer at a time [37]. 

In contrast to other mentioned techniques, 3D plotting can be applied at body temperature and in aqueous media, which makes it very important for the purposes of tissue engineering (e.g., living cells can be incorporated in the material). Another advantage of this technique is the large variability of the materials which can be processed namely polymer melts, polymer solutions, thermoset resins, cements and even bioactive polymers such as proteins [43]. 

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