Cell-autoclave reactor

FIGURE 2 (A) Design of an autoclave reactor serving as a cell for Raman spectroscopic... 

Fig. 14-10 0.5 L stirred autoclave reactor in a high-pressure cell (FH Mannheim. Germany)...

As well as the CIR-type cells discussed above, the ATR technique has also been employed in other types of HP IR cell. An alternative arrangement to a cylindrical crystal inserted through the autoclave body (Figure 3.8) is to embed the ATR crystal in the base or wall of the autoclave. This approach was used in the HP IR cell developed by Wolf et al., illustrated in Figure 3.9 [43]. An ATR crystal is mounted in the bottom of the reactor, which can operate at pressures up to 200 bar and can be adapted to give a high pressure flow-cell. 

Fig. 12.14. Flow diagram for the manufacture of nylon 66 yarn (1) air (2) cyclohexane from petroleum (3) reactor (4) recycle cyclohexane (5) still (6) cyclohexanol-cyclohexanone (7) nitric acid (8) converter (9) adipic acid solution (10) still (11) impurities (12) crystallizer (13) centrifuge (14) impurities (15) adipic acid crystals (16) dryer (17) vaporizer (18) ammonia (19) converter (20) crude adiponitrile (21) still (22) impurities (23) hydrogen (24) converter (25) crude diamine (26) still (27) impurities (28) nylon salt solution (29) reactor (30) stabilizer (31) calandria (32) evaporator (33) excess water (34) autoclave (35) delustrant (36) water sprays (37) casting wheel (38) polymer ribbon (39) grinder (40) polymer flake (41) spinning machine (42) heating cells (43) spinnerette (44) air (45) draw twisting (46) inspection (47) nylon bobbin. (Note Whenever the demand for liquid polymer at a spinnerette is large, as, for example, in the spinning of tire yarn, it is pumped directly from the autoclave.)...

Reactor operation. The polypropylene hollow fibers in the reactor were prewetted prior to inoculation with recirculation of 50% ethanol and sterilized chemically with 5% formalin solution. Then the reactor was washed by ultrafiltration of one liter of autoclaved distilled water. The reactor was placed in a water bath maintained at a desired temperature. Cells were inoculated through the inoculation port using a syringe needle. The detailed experimental setup is shown in Figure 3. 

The reactor was loaded with 75 ml granular carrier material [14], and finally, the entire reactor system, including tubing and recirculation reservoir, was autoclaved at 120°C for 30 min. Before use, the reactor system was gassed for 15 min with N2/CO2 (4 1) to ensure anaerobic conditions and filled with BA medium with an initial xylose concentration of 10 g/1. The reactor was started up in batch mode by inoculation with 80 ml of cell suspension with an optical density (OD578) of 0.9-1. The batch mode of operation was maintained for 24 h to allow cells to attach and to immobilize on the carrier matrix. After the batch run, the system was switched to continuous mode, applying a hydraulic retention time (HRT the volume of the reactor divided by the influent flowrate) of 8 h and up-flow velocity of 1 m/h. To achieve operational stability, the reactor was run for 7 days under... 

Rcmole-handling equipment. After exposure in the reactor, dismantling of the loops [18] and autoclaves [20], and subsequent examination of the test specimens and component parts must be done in hot cells with remotehandling equipment. Prior to removal from the reactor, the fuel solution is drained from the loop or autoclave and all radioactive gas is vented. The loop or autoclave is then withdrawn into a shielded carrier and separated from its shield plug to facilitate handling. It is then removed to the hot cell facilities for dismantling and examination. 

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