Cell, atomic hydrogen-carbon

Figure 1. Schematic arrangement of atomic hydrogen-carbon reaction cell...

Why are covalent molecules so important The majority of the chemicals in our body are held together by covalent bonds between atoms of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. Substances like proteins, fats, carbohydrates and water are the building blocks of cells and are all covalent molecules. 

Fig. 4. A Unit cell of stearic acid (E form) while, hydrogen atoms gray, carbon atoms and black, oxygen atoms. Theoretical habit of stearic acid B growth form according to the BFDH law C growth form according to the attachment energy model.

The activities of microbial cells in bioreactors can also be expressed by the balance equation for the chemical elements, instead of Equ. 2.1, considering the conservation of the atomic species (carbon C, hydrogen H, Oxygen O, nitrogen AT) ... 

Proteins are composed of large complicated molecules which contain atoms of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and often sulphur. They are made up of simpler substances called amino-acids which form the basic structures of body cells. Foods such as meat, milk, beans and peas contain protein. This is broken down in the digestive process into its constituent amino-acids which are then re-aligned in a new pattern to make human proteins. 

Among the common amino acids, eleven have side chains that contain polar functional groups that can form hydrogen bonds, such as —OH, —NH2, and — CO2 H. These hydrophilic amino acids are commonly found on the outside of a protein, where their interactions with water molecules increase the solubility of the protein. The other nine amino acids have nonpolar hydrophobic side chains containing mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms. These amino acids are often tucked into the inside of a protein, away from the aqueous environment of the cell. 

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