Cation exchange equations describing equilibrium

The extraction of inorganic salts from neutral aqueous solutions by a mixture of liquid anion and cation exchangers dissolved in an organic diluent was first described by Grinstead et al. [1]. The extraction can be formally expressed by the equilibrium equation ... 

Equilibria The equilibrium distribution of an ion between an exchange solid and a solution can be described graphically by plotting isotherms in much the same manner used for ordinary adsorption. Various empirical equations for these isotherms, such as the Freundlich equation (11.3), have sometimes been applied to them. It is also possible to apply equations of the mass-action type to the exchange reaction. For example, for the cationic exchange... 

The conditions of Donnan equilibrium derived in Equation 34.6 can be understood in a slightly different way. For the coupled transport described previously, the heterogeneous exchange of cation A in the aqueous phase and cation B in the membrane phase is represented by the following equation ... 

In discussing the equilibrium between solution and zeolite, the exchange of cation P in the solution for in the zeolite can be described by the equation ... 

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