Cathodic dimerization

Scheme 18 Cathodic dimerization of esters to 1,2-diketones R alkyl, aryl yields (diketone) 33-55%, yields (endioldiether) 55-78%.

Scheme 39 Cathodic dimerization with subsequent disulfide elimination of pyran-4-thiones.

The cathodic dimerization of 1-hydroxy-3-carbethoxy-2-quinolone occurs at the C-4... 

Anodic and cathodic dimerizations often start with esters that are hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acids in a final step the electrosynthesis of sebacic acid [74] and butanetetra-carboxylic [11] acid illustrate this. 

The cathodic dimerization of aromatic aldehydes and ketones in slightly acidic medium via ketyls or hydroxymethyl radicals is a powerful method for the preparation of pinacols in good to excellent yields, e.g. 98 [148a], 99 [148b] or 100 [148c]. Correspondingly, the heteroanologous azomethines, pyrimidines, quinazolines and immonium ions can be hydrodimerized, presumably also via radicals [149],... 

P. He, P. Watts, F. Marken, S. J. Haswell, Electrolyte free electro-organic synthesis the cathodic dimerization of 4-nitrobenzyl bromide in a micro-gap flow cell, Electrochem. Commun., 2005, 7, 918-924. 

Electrosynthesis in Ionic Liquid, Scheme 1 Diastereoselective cathodic dimerization of acetophenone in various ionic liquids... 

A review of cathodic dimerization has been published, special attention being paid to the coupling of two different substrates, and the utility of cathodic synthesis involving carbon dioxide has been described. ... 

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