Catalysts halide glasses

Figure 1 Rectangular 8x12 PTFE matrix containing 96 2 mL glass reaction vials (left) and the resulting conversions of aryl halides (1-12) using the catalysts A-H (right). Conditions 0.062 mmol aryl halide, 0.12 mmol n-butylacrylate, 0.18 mmol KOAc, catalyst (2 mol% total metal relative to aryl halide), 0.5 mL DMF, 240 W m/w irradiation for 15 min.

The palladium-catalyzed formation of sulfides can generate polyphenylene sulfide from a dithiol and a dibromoarene, or from 4-bromobenzenethiol (Equation (38)).17 In 1984 Asahi Glass obtained patents for the formation of this polymer in the presence of palladium and nickel catalysts.125,126 In addition, Gingras reported palladium-catalyzed couplings of aryl halides and thiols to form discrete phenylene sulfide oligomers.127,128 A number of polyphenylene sulfide wires, ranging from dimeric to pentameric structures, were prepared by the palladium coupling, albeit in modest yields ... 

In most cases microwave reactions have been conducted in a batch system, but very recently the use of a microflow system for microwave reactions has been reported. For example, Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of aryl halides with phenylboronic acid to form biaryls is promoted by microwave irradiation of the supported Pd catalyst (Table 5.1). A thin, gold film patch located on the outside surface of the base of a glass microreactor is quite effective for absorbing microwaves. 

Sealed glass 96-well microtiter plate, 50 pi, 70 "G FRET technique, fluorescence plate reader Catalyst identified to couple cyanoacetate with a variety of aryl halides 2001 59... 

Such supports have been frequently used in preparing supported catalysts. Transition metal complexes are easily bound to phosphenated silica. Benzyl halide groups bound to glass surfaces have been used for peptide synthesis. One of the most recent and interesting applications of... 

Blum J. The versatility of metal halide-quaternary ammonium salt catalysts for organic processes. From homogeneous to glass-encapsulated ion pairs. Russ. Chem. Bull. 1993 42 1619-1627... 

Alkyl halide (10 — 25 mg) is mixed with 0.5 ml of a 2% acetonic thiourea solution and heated in a sealed glass ampoule in a water bath for various time intervals iodides, 1 hr bromides, 2 hr chlorides (if the mixture was additioned with 10 mg of sodium iodide as catalyst) 3 hr. After cooling, the ampoule is opened and the contents transferred into a small test tube, and the solvent is evaporated on a water bath. The residue is dissolved in two drops of water and mixed by dropwise addition and shaking with 1 ml 2% aqueous sodium 3,5-dinitrobenzoate solution. The separatedamo rphous product is dissolved by immersing the test tube into a hot water bath, and is then allowed to crystallize by slow cooling. The product is recrystallized from 0.5 — 1 ml of hot water. 

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