Catalysis by Ions

Catalysis by ion exchangers exhibits some advantages over homogeneous catalysis by dissolved electrolytes, such as... 

A) Homogeneous catalysis by ions or other species derived from the solid, either through its dissolution or as a consequence of chemical attack upon it. 

Rieszand, P., and L. P. Hammett Specific effects in acid catalysis by ion-exchange resins IV. The effect of quaternary ammonium ions on the hydrolysis of esters of related structure. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76, 992 (1954). 

Bhagade, S. S., Haran, N. P., Nageshwar, G. D. Catalysis by ion exchange resins. Knoevenagel condensation. Chemicals Petrochemicals Journal t977, 8, 21-22. 

These unusual results raise the question how LiC104 influences the course of these and further reactions. The similarity to the accelerating effect of water as solvent for carbo- and hetero Diels-Alder reactions suggests that an internal pressure might be operative, [5,13] but also an electrostatic catalysis by ion pairs [14] might be involved if polar transition states are passed. Finally, the lithium cation may serve as Lewis acid in an essentially non-acidic medium, a notion... 

Catalysis by Ions at Surfaces. Acid-Base Catalysis... 

CATALYSIS BY IONS AT SURFACES. ACID-BASE CATALYSIS... 

The second chapter handles various problems regarding catalysis by ion-exchange resins. Mechanisms of reactions involving acidic and basic resins are discussed. In respect of the wide use of anion-exchange resins as interfacial transfer catalysts, attention is paid to the spedHc nature of this reaction. Similarities and differences in the catalysis of non-ionic resins and linear polyelectrolytes are shown. 

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