Carrier testing

Cusco I, Barcelo MJ, Biaget M, Tizzano EF. Implementation of SMA carrier testing in genetic laboratories comparison of two methods for quantifying the SMN1 gene. Hum Mutat 2002 20 452 159. 

The stability of toxicant-carrier combinations used in pesticide wettable powder formulations cannot be easily predicted by evaluating various properties of the carrier. Several types of synthetic calcium silicates and their modifications were evaluated for malathion stability and other properties. The carriers were evaluated for pH (slurry), pK (surface acidity), moisture content, absorptive capacity, and/or ion exchange capacity. These properties were correlated with actual malathion stabilities as measured at 40° C. storage for 1, 2, 3, and 7 months. The carrier properties evaluated did not offer a simple means of predicting compatibility in the variety of carriers tested. 

Some LM carriers tested show one of the serious problems a low rate of decomplexation which becomes a rate-controlling step of aU LM transport. To overcome this disadvantage is one of the directions for future investigations. 

The diagnosis of hemophilia should be considered in any male with unusual bleeding. A family history of bleeding is also helpful in the diagnosis, but this is absent in up to one-third of patients. Brothers of patients with hemophilia should be screened sisters should have carrier testing. 

Tedgard U. Carrier testing and prenatal diagnosis of haemophiha— utilisation and psychological consequences. Haemophilia 1998 4 365-369. 

In this study, we pursued a double objective to improve the mechanical and textural properties of alumina calcined at 1000°C and to investigate the possible consequences at this temperature of interactions of alumina with certain oxides normally used in the manufacture of oxidation catalysts. Included in the latter category are CuO, M0O3, V2O5, and Cr203. The carriers tested (Table III) were A3 which is particularly sensitive to calcination above 850°C and Cl which is already stable. 

In some studies using carrier tests, the dried vims inoculum is scraped from the surface of the carriers prior to the addition of a neutralizer [33], This effectively can turn the carrier test into a suspension test. Therefore, the neutralizer must be added to the carriers and or the eluting fluid before vims is eluted/ scraped. 

In carrier tests, the virus inoculum is first applied to and dried on an inanimate carrier such as metal, plastic, or glass, and the product under test is then placed on the dried inoculum and left to act on it at room temperature for 1-10 minutes [23,32]. At the end of the contact time, the virus-product mixture is eluted from the carrier and titrated for infectious virus. As a rule, the carrier test is more stringent when compared to a suspension test, because the test product must act on the virus in the dried inoculum, and products that pass the suspension test may or may not pass the carrier test. 

Carrier test using stainless steel disks ... 

In carrier tests to determine the virucidal activity of other types of chemical germicides, there is no provision to include any virus loss due to precleaning of an object or its posttreatment rinsing. In the case of semi-critical medical devices,... 

Carrier tests with dried cells on surfaces are not suitable for the evaluation of biocide efficacy towards biofilms. In general, microbial cells dried on carriers are less susceptible to biocides compared to planktonic cells however, established biofilms grown on surfaces usually display enhanced resistance compared to organisms simply dried on carriers (e.g., Samrakandi et al., 1994 Ntsama.Essomba et al., 1997). A possible reason may be physiological changes which are associated with biofilm formation, and can result in enhanced resistance to biocides. These processes are not involved in carrier tests. 

Van Klingeren, B., 1978. Experience with a quantitative carrier test for the evaluation of disinfectants. Zentralblatt fiir Bakteriologie und Hygiene, I Abteilung, Originate B 167, 514-527. 

Gebel, J., Bansemir, K.-P., Exner, M., Goroncy-Bermes, P., Kirsch, A., von Rheinbaben, F. and Werner, H.-P., 2000. Evaluating the Efficacy of Chemical Disinfectants for Medical Instruments Quantitative carrier test. Hyg. Med. 25, 443-457. 

---