Cardiac glycosides digitoxin

Adrian et al. (2000) have reported a novel high-pressure liquid-liquid extraction process with reference to processing in biotechnology the example of cardiac glycosides (digitoxin and digoxin) is cited. A completely miscible, binary system of water and a hydrophobic organic solvent like ethanol can split into two liquid phases when a near-critical gas (e.g. CO2) is added. The near-critical C02/water/l-propanol system is reported, for which possibilities for industrial exploitation exist. 

The polyene antibiotic nystatin (5 25pg/mL, 10 minutes) and the cardiac glycoside digitoxin (5 pg/mL, 10 minutes) bind cholesterol and can remove it from cell membranes, which leads to inhibition of caveolae uptake (60). Regarding its effect on clathrin uptake, no comment can be given at this time. 

Among the cardiac glycosides, digitoxin is absorbed rapidly and completely from the gastrointestinal tract with oral absorption of approximately 90 to 100 percent with plasma protein binding of approx. 95 percent with plasma half life of 5 to 7 days. It enters the liver cells where it is metabolised to epidigitoxigenin and is excreted in bile and urine. 

PROCAINAMIDE CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES -DIGITOXIN Single case report of toxicity in a patient taking both digitoxin and procainamide Uncertain at present Watch for digitoxin toxicity... 

II. BRONCHODIIATORS - montelukast, theophylline 12. CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES -digitoxin 13. CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS - felodipine, nifedipine, nimodipine, nisoldipine, verapamil... 

Yoshida K, Furuta T, Kawabata T (2010) Perfectly regioselective acylation of a cardiac glycoside, digitoxin, via catalytic amplification of the intrinsic reactivity. Tetrahedron Lett 51 4830- 832... 

Fig. 11 Naturally occurring cardiac glycosides, digitoxin and lanatoside C...

The proof of concept example examined the cardiac glycoside digitoxin (Scheme 3.15, 61). Digitoxin is an interesting target as it is a well-known inhibitor of the plasma membrane Na+/K" -ATPase (ATP, adenosine triphosphate), hut also is known to have anticancer activity, activity against polyglutamine disorders, and to... 

FIGURE 4.1 Structure of the cardiac glycosides digitoxin and digoxin and of patulin as examples of biologically active natural products containing a butenolide in their structure. 

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