Progression, carcinogenesis

Parry, Y.M., and Sharp, D.C., The induction of mitotic aneuploidy in the yeast strain D6 by 42 coded compounds , in Evaluation of Short-Term Tests for Carcinogenesis, Progress in Mutation Research, F.J. de Serres and J. Ashby (Eds.), 1981, Elsevier, New York, pp. 468-480. 

There are numerous studies on the possible involvement of nitric oxide in multiple cancer types. These studies cover every step of cancer development including carcinogenesis, progression, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, escape from immune surveillance, and modulation of therapeutic response. 

Carcinogenesis develops in three stages initiation, promotion, and progression. Chem-ical substances can act at the initiation stage or at the promotion stage. Moreover, some chemicals have both initiating and promoting activities. 

Figure 9.5 Karyotypic changes during initiation, promotion, and progression stages of carcinogenesis.

Stegelmeier, B.L., N.A. Gillett, A.H. Rebar, and G. Kelly. 1991. The molecular progression of plutonium-239-induced rat lung carcinogenesis Ki-ras expression and activation. Molecul. Carcinogen. 4 43-51. 

Gupta, A., Rosenberger, S. F., and Bowden, G. T., Increased ROS levels contribute to elevated transcription factor and MAP kinase activities in malignantly progressed mouse keratinocyte cell lines, Carcinogenesis, 20, 2063, 1999. 

Bums, F.J., Vanderlan, M., Snyder, E. and Albert, R.E. (1976). Induction and progression kinetics of mouse skin papillomas. In Slaga, T.J., Sivak, A. And Boutwell, R.K. (Eds). Carcinogenesis, Vol. 2. Modifiers of Chemical Carcinogenesis. Raven Press, New York, pp. 91-96. 

Hepatic function impairment Patients with chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis C coinfection or elevations in transaminases are at an approximately 2.5-fold risk for developing further transaminase elevations or hepatic decompensation. Carcinogenesis Long-term animal carcinogenicity bioassays with tipranavir and tipranavir/ritonavir are currently in progress. 

Multi-causal, Multi-stage Nature of Carcinogenesis (Initiation, Co-cardnogenesis, Promotion, Progression)... 

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