Carbonyl group oxidation and reduction

The presence of alcohol and, in some cases, an aldehyde group makes monosaccharides susceptible to oxidation, whereas the presence of a carbonyl group makes monosaccharides susceptible to reduction. Because monosaccharides are the fundamental carbohydrate, you need to know what happens in the many reactions in which they re involved. The following sections are here to help you out with that. Welcome to the nitty-gritty of monosaccharide oxidation and reduction ... 

Oxidation and reduction reactions occur at the carbonyl group of monosaccharides, so they all begin with the monosaccharide drawn in the acyclic form. We will confine our discussion to aldoses as starting materials. 

Carbonyl Group in Ketones.—This reaction would indicate the presence of the carbonyl groups — CO), and the structure as written. Now acetone by reduction yields propanol-2 and conversely is formed from it by oxidation. Propanol-2 is CH3—CH(OH)—CH3, i.e., there are two methyl groups present. Do these two methyl groups, however, remain in acetone as they exist in the alcohol We have stated previously (p. 115) that the oxidation of primary alcohols probably takes... 

The transfer of an inorganic ion such as OH from one phase to another is called phase transfer, and the tetraalkylammonium salt is referred t as a phase-transfer catalyst. Many different kinds of organic reactions, includ ing oxidations, reductions, carbonyl-group alkylations, and 8 2 reaction an subject to phase-transfer catalysis, often with considerable improvements ii yield. 8 2 reactions are particularly good candidates for phase-transfi-catalysis because inorganic nucleophiles can be transferred from an aqut ous (protic) phase to an organic (aprotic) phase, where they are much mort reactive. For example ... 

Functional group transformations classical and chemoselective methods for oxidation and reduction of organic substrates, and the availability and utilization of regio-, chemo-, and stereoselective agents for reducing carbonyl compounds... 

This reaction is inherent to the process and plays an integral role in the activity of the carbonylation reaction. It has been well studied by two different research groups [15, 34, 35]. The WGSR consists of an oxidation and reduction process as represented in eqs. (8) and (9) and shown in more detail in Scheme 1. 

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