Carbonate, bicarbonate and carbamate

On account of their chemical, biological and engineering significance, the slow processes involved in dissolution of carbon dioxide in water have been investigated repeatedly, from many points of view. References given here are doubtless an incomplete set, as are all the other compilations I have examined. Methods employed vary over acid-base titration , formation of dialkyl carbamates pH and other potentiometric methods , conductivity  

C- and 0- tracer methods m and flow and relaxation methods . (Other unpublished work has been quoted .) The references chosen are merely illustrative of the overlapping chronological sequence. The subject has been reviewed several times literature prior to 1958 is analyzed in entertaining fashion by Kern . Probably the major sources of discrepancy between the results arise from the experimental errors of the various methods. Table 4 lists rate coefficients, which appear to be the best available for the main reactions as they have been envisaged. An attempt has been made to explain the most discrepant study . Reaction (1) 

The rates of formation and hydrolysis of carbamates were examined by Faur-holt . A recent, but inconclusive, attempt to confirm the occurrence of ammonium carbamate as an intermediate in the hydrolysis of urea catalysed by urease has been published. Caplow has reported rates of formation and breakdown of a number of carbamates and demonstrated that their formation involves a rate law like 

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Wen N, Brooker MH (1995) Ammonium carbonate, bicarbonate, and carbamate equilibria a Raman study. J Phys Chem 99 359-368... 

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