Cancer Carcinogenesis, Human, Kidney

Based on a combination of available human case studies and experiments with laboratory animals, the major public health concerns associated with exposure to 1,4-dichlorobenzene are effects on the liver, kidneys, and blood. Some immunological, dermatological, and neurological effects have also been reported in exposed humans. There is information from animal studies which raises the question of whether 1,4-dichlorobenzene can cross the placenta and elicit structural effects on the developing fetus. Data from a study conducted in rats using the intraperitoneal route have demonstrated sperm abnormalities. Cancer of the liver as a result of lifetime exposure to 1,4-dichlorobenzene has been shown in mice, and renal cancer has been reported in male rats. However, recent studies related to the mechanism of renal carcinogenesis in rats suggest that these tumors may not be expected to occur in exposed humans. Issues relevant to children are explicitly discussed in Section 2.6, Children s Susceptibility, and Section 5.6, Exposures of Children. 

The chemopreventive effects of milk thistle have been investigated in various studies. Silybin was found to protect the following organs from chemical- or radiation-induced toxicides rat cardiac muscle cells, kidney cells of rats and monkeys,skin cells of mice, and rat gastric mucosa and pancre-as.3 3 Silymarin was also found to inhibit carcinogenesis in rat colon cells,mice urinary bladder, rat tongue cells, and human breast cancer cells. ... 

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