Calibration of Lamp and Sample Measurement

The intensity of the light beam (Pmono) that impinges on the sample should be measured at every pertinent wavelength this measurement should be performed at 

7 Incident Photon-to-Current Efficiency and Photocurrent Spectroscopy 

An applied bias IPCE experiment should be performed in cases where (1) the majority carrier does not possess sufhcient energy to drive its respective halfreaction (e.g., HER for n-type and OER for p-type) in a two-electrode measurement or (2) an applied electric field is needed to aid carrier collection. Employing several applied biases provides more insight into sample performance. The experimental setup and procedure remains the same as in the unbiased case, but an additional bias is applied between the WE and RE (three-electrode) or the WE and CE (two-electrode). 

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