Calculating swelling process

That is why logically to assume the possibility of specific interactions also during the swelling process, since the values of parameters of the coal solubility S2, which are determining accordingly to the Flory Renner s equation are differed. It depends on fact if the data for all solvents are taking into account in calculations or such calculations are performed with the exclusion of results for solvents able to be as acceptors of hydrogen bonds (amines, ketones). Different results have been obtained also under application of other methods for calculations, especially of the Van-Krevelen s method [14],... 

However, there are only two decisive parameters - the basicity which assists to swelling process and the is molar volume, which opposites to this process taking into account the needed energy and the negotiation of the cohesion forces have only insignificant influence and the exclusion of this parameter from the calculations practically does not worsen the equation... 

Thus, the initial swelling problem for a plane layer is reduced to a boundary value problem for diffusion equation [6.1.3] with boundary conditions of Eqs. [6.1.6], [6.1.7], [6.1.17] and [6.1.18]. The solution to this problem provides a full description of swelling processes in the plane layer. In other words, using Eqs. [6.1.1 ], [6.1.2], [6.1.10] and [6.1.15] we can define a current distribution of a liquid fluough the layer and calculate the stress-strain state of the material. 

A study of adsorption/desorption hysteresis loops in the swelling process previously observed experimentally by Fu and coworkers (95) was also tackled by Monte Carlo simulation (96). They conducted a series of simulations in which the interlayer water content is increased systematically from 0 to 300 mg/g of clay. Then the calculated clay layer spacing values as a function of water content were compared with experimental data. They claimed that their simulation established, for the first time, the true equilibrium clay layer spacings of the system. 

Significant factor as same as in a case of swelling degree is the solvents basicity. With the solvents basicity increasing, the process rate is also increased. The less essential is a role the solvents ability to electrophilic solvation although this factor increases the process rate but it exclusion from the consideration decreases R till 0,928. The value IgQ calculated in accordance with the equation (15) is represented in Table 3. 

Norbert Berkowitz I think the kinetic treatment of the experimental data is of questionable validity. The extraction process is evidently accompanied by considerable changes in the geometry of the coal particles (e.g., swelling and dispersion) there is the unresolved question of whether the extract forms a solution or dispersion finally, there is an obvious but somewhat indefinite effect of coal decomposition. The latter point alone would make determining a temperature effect (and hence, calculating an activation energy ) very difficult practically, if not impossible. 

Table I summarizes the elemental analysis of the coal samples used (as supplied by the coal bank), the calculated values of the x factors, the swelling conditions and the experimentally determined values of O2 app for these studies. Use of the "initial" elemental analysis of the coal samples (before extraction and swelling) for plotting the data is preferable here, since this elemental analysis is readily available and independent of processing conditions.

Fig. 10 a Surface tension of the surfactant solution (stars, right axis) and receding contact angle of the solutions (squares, circles, left axis) on a photoresist layer processed at the threshold dose corrected by the effect of swelling, b Wetting tension y v cos 0 calculated from the values given in (a). The dashed line marks the concentration ceff. Above a, the assumed distribution of the surfactant molecules at various concentrations is drawn schematically... 

In the processing equipment of thermoplastics, many kinds of complicated flow configurations exist. The flow in a tapered die, for example, produces three components of deformation that due to flow from the reservoir into the die that due to telescopic shear within the die that to extensional flow within the die. These may be assumed separable and the separately calculated pressure drops may be added to give the total pressure drop. But in addition, each deformation mechanism contributes to post extrusion swelling. The components due to simple shear and extension at the die exit determine the swell ratio. 

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