Caffeine molecular model

Molecular model of caffeine. Caffeine stimulates the cerebral cortex by inhibiting an enzyme that inactivates a certain form of adenosine triphosphate, the molecule that supplies energy. Caffeine occurs in coffee, tea, and cola drinks. 

Fig. 2.36 The coffee shrub and its berries, cocoa beans and tea flowers. Shown below are the 3D molecular models of caffeine, theobromine and theophylline. The difference between the chemical structures is the number and position of methyl groups (highlighted by dark shacMng). (Authors own work and copyright-free pictures from the book Bessette, Alan E., Chapman, William K. (eds.) Plants and flowers. 1761 Illustrations for artists and designers. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1992)...

The modes of action of different alkaloids are diverse. For example, nicotine binds to and affects nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and shows toxicity. A recent molecular 3D model suggests that both acetylcholine and nicotine bind to the same pocket formed in a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.15 Morphine binds to and activates opioid receptors, transmembrane-spanning G protein-coupled receptors, in the central nervous system of humans.16 Caffeine, which is structurally similar to adenine, inhibits cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity and inhibits the degradation of cAMP, thus exerting a toxic effect on insects 17 in human beings, binding of caffeine to the adenosine A2A receptor induces wakefulness.18 Atropine binds to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, competing with acetylcholine, and blocks neurotransmission.1... 

Figure 8.3 (a) Molecular diagrams of model API molecules theophylline, caffeine and... 

The development of in vitro models for the BBB has enabled the study of transport phenomena at the molecular and cellular levels. The aim of such in vitro BBB models is to functionally resemble as many as possible the unique characteristics of the BBB. Compared with in vivo animal models, the in vitro models are relatively accessible, flexible, reproducible, and abundantly available. Previous investigations showed that the permeability of the in vitro BBB models to various compounds such as sucrose, retinoic acid, retinol, haloperidol, caffeine, and mannitol was comparable to the permeability data obtained from in vivo models [61]. 

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