Byproducts amalgam

Silver is widely distributed throughout the world. It rarely occurs in native form, but is found in ore bodies as silver chloride, or more frequently, as simple and complex sulfides. In former years, simple silver and gold-silver ores were processed by amalgamation or cyanidation processes, The availability of ores amenable to treatment by these means has declined. Most silver is now obtained as a byproduct or coproduct from base metal ores, particularly those of copper, lead, and zinc. Although these ores are different in mineral complexity and grade, processing is similar. 

U HgCl2, THF UCl4(THF)3 A lot of actinide/mercury amalgam is produced as a byproduct 371 ... 

This hydrogen is, however, mostly used in house. Hydrogen is also produced in other petrochemical and chemical processes (synthesis of olefins, ethyne, styrene, acetone). Coke oven gas contains over 50 volume % of hydrogen, from which it can be isolated. Finally hydrogen occurs as a valuable byproduct in chloralkali-electrolysis (directly with the diaphragm process or indirectly with the amalgam process and hydrochloric acid hydrolysis) see Section 1.7.3.3. The electrolysis processes account for less than 5% of the worldwide production of hydrogen. 

When the Clemmensen reduction was conducted in the presence of acetic anhydride (to trap 4) under anhydrous conditions (1 and zinc amalgam in dry diethyl ether), avoiding an excess of acid (use of a solution of 2 mole equivalents of dry gaseous hydrogen chloride in diethyl ether), acetoxycyclopropanes 7 were obtained in moderate yield. ° At 0-25 °C considerable amounts of 5 and 6 as byproducts render the method synthetically useless. However, careful temperature optimization (preferably — 35 °C) ° completely suppresses their formation. 

FIGURE 4.3 TEM image of pure carbon made from perfluoro-2-butyne and Li-amalgam at 25°C. The LiF byproduct was extracted from the raw material by water. 

Ge(CeH5)4 is formed within 2 h as byproduct (15% yield) in the reduction of Ge(CeH5)3Br in ethanol-ether (1 1) with amalgamated Zn and aqueous HCl, the main product being Ge(CeH5)3H [12]. 

Controlling the pH at 5-7 gives a mixture in which about 80% of the contained sulfur is in the form of bisulfite. The decomposer is a stirred reactor with partial water jacket. Good agitation and temperature no higher than 40°C are essential. The reaction of amalgam with bisulfite would produce NaOH as a byproduct ... 

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