Chirality butenyl ligands

In fact, the role of copper and oxygen in the Wacker Process is certainly more complicated than indicated in equations (151) and (152) and in Scheme 10, and could be similar to that previously discussed for the rhodium/copper-catalyzed ketonization of terminal alkenes. Hosokawa and coworkers have recently studied the Wacker-type asymmetric intramolecular oxidative cyclization of irons-2-(2-butenyl)phenol (132) by 02 in the presence of (+)-(3,2,10-i -pinene)palladium(II) acetate (133) and Cu(OAc)2 (equation 156).413 It has been shown that the chiral pinanyl ligand is retained by palladium throughout the reaction, and therefore it is suggested that the active catalyst consists of copper and palladium linked by an acetate bridge. The role of copper would be to act as an oxygen carrier capable of rapidly reoxidizing palladium hydride into a hydroperoxide species (equation 157).413 Such a process is also likely to occur in the palladium-catalyzed acetoxylation of alkenes (see Section 61.3.4.3). 

The desymmetrization of dicarbonate 206 was initiated by the addition of one equivalent of N-(3-butenyl) nosylamide 207 under palladium catalysis in the presence of Trost s chiral diphosphine ligand 205. When the first allylic substitution was completed, the reaction was warmed and the resulting intermediate 208 was treated in situ with one equivalent of a second nosylamide 209. Product 210 resulting from this double substitution reaction was submitted to a tandem intramolecular ROM/RCM to furnish key precursor 211, which was engaged in the final cyc-lization step by the reduction of the double bonds, followed by the HCl-promoted domino deprotection of the acetal and aminal formation. 

The effectiveness of various substituted BINOL ligands 12-16 in the Zr(IV)-or Ti(IV)-catalyzed enantioselective addition of allyltributyltin to aldehydes was also investigated by Spada and Umani-Ronchi [21], The number of noteworthy examples of asymmetric allylation of carbonyl compounds utilizing optically active catalysts of late transition metal complexes has increased since 1999. Chiral bis(oxazolinyl)phenyl rhodium(III) complex 17, developed by Mo-toyama and Nishiyama, is an air-stable and water-tolerant asymmetric Lewis acid catalyst [23,24]. Condensation of allylic stannanes with aldehydes under the influence of this catalyst results in formation of nonracemic allylated adducts with up to 80% ee (Scheme 3). In the case of the 2-butenyl addition reac-... 

IsoxazoUnes. Applying the conventional method that converts aldoximes to nitrile oxides to 2,2-di-(3-butenyl)malonoaldoxime leads to spirocyclic products. Development of such compounds into chiral ligands is expected. 

Pd(0Ac)2, but the benzofuran 67 was obtained by exo cyclizadon with PdCb [34], Catalytic asymmetric cyclization of 2-(2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl)phenol (68) using the binaphthyl-based chiral ligand 70, called (5,5)-ip-boxax afforded the furan 69 with high ee (97%) [35],... 

The insertions of the monomers are believed to occur in two steps [268, 269]. In the first one, the incoming monomer coordinates with the transition metal. This results in formation of a short-lived a-allylic species. In second one, the metal-carbon bond is transferred to the cocrdinated mmiomer with formation of a 71-butenyl bond. Coordination of the diene can take place through both double bonds, depending upon the transition metal [270] and the structure of the diene. When flie mmiomer coordinates as amonodentate ligand, then asyn complex forms. If however, it coordinates as abidentate ligand, then an anti complex results [271]. In the syn complex, carbons one and four have the same chirality while in the anti complex they have opposite chiralities [268]. Due to lower thermodynamic stability the anti complex isomerizes to a syn complex [268]. If the aUyUc system does not have a substituent at the second carbmi, then the isomerization of anti to syn usually occurs spontaneously even at room temperature [268]. 

Umani-Ronchi adapted the Furstner protocol to achieve the first catalytic, enantioselective variant of this reaction. The chiral chromium salen complex was prepared from the in situ reduction of the anhydrous CrCb to CrCl2 with an excess of manganese metal, followed by complexation with the salen ligand 8 in the presence of catalytic triethylamine." Then the addition of allylic chloride (9) to aldehydes 10 to give the allylic alcohols 11 in moderate yields and in up to 95% ee. The same groups employed the same conditions for the addition of 2-butenyl bromides to aldehydes to achieve up to 83 17 syn/anti of allylic alcohol products and for the addition of 1,3-dichloropropene to aromatic aldehydes to obtain the syn chlorohydrin adduct in modest yield which were further converted to optically active vinyl epoxides. The [Cr(salen)]-catalyzed addition of propargyl halides to aromatic aldehydes allowed the synthesis of enantiomerically enriched homopropargyl alcohols in moderate yields with up to 56% ee. ... 

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