Bursting pattern

The latter show multi-effects including coloured floral bursting patterns, crackle, glitter, rain and stars, while maroon-type rockets are commonly used to signal the start or finish of a display. 

Muscle contraction responses to different patterns of nerve stimulation used in monitoring skeletal muscle relaxation. The alterations produced by a nondepolarizing blocker and depolarizing and desensitizing blockade by succinylcholine are shown. In the train of four (TOF) pattern, four stimuli are applied at 2 Hz. The TOF ratio (TOF-R) is calculated from the strength of the fourth contraction divided by that of the first. In the double burst pattern, three stimuli are applied at 50 Hz, followed by a 700 ms rest period and then repeated. In the posttetanic potentiation pattern, several seconds of 50 Hz stimulation are applied, followed by several seconds of rest and then by single stimuli at a slow rate (eg, 0.5 Hz). The number of detectable posttetanic twitches is the posttetanic count (PTC)., first posttetanic contraction. 

The ereation of a homoclinic orbit thus gives rise to a sharp decline in the munber of peaks within a burst. The abrupt transition from the bursting pattern with 11 peaks per period, ir(ll), to the pattern with 7 peaks, tt(7), in table 4.4 originates from the appearance of such a homoclinic orbit. It should be noted that the situation depicted in fig. 4.19e creates conditions suitable for the coexistence between bursting oscillations and a limit cycle that would be stabilized around a value of a between a and a. Such a situation is indeed close to that described further in chapter 6 for the origin of birhythmicity of a similar kind in a model for the intercellular communication system of Dictyostelium amoebae. 

Fig. 4.28. Self-similarity of sequences of bursting patterns as a function of parameter a in the piecewise linear map defined by eqns (4.5). For a given value of a, the number of values of x equals the number of distinct peaks in the pattern of bursting. The variation of parameter a from 1.76 to 1.82 in (a) illustrates the passage from the pattern tt(6, 2) to the pattern tt(6, 3). In (b), the variation of a over the narrower range between 1.778 and 1.785 shows the transition between the more complex patterns it(6, 2, 5) and tt(6, 2, 4). Each time, more complex patterns alternate with relatively simpler patterns of bursting. The results are obtained by iteration of eqns (4.5) for b = 7 and Af = 11 (Decroly Goldbeter, 1987).

Shown in fig. 6.4 are the different types of bursting obtained in the three-variable model. Besides the type already discussed with regard to fig. 6.3, and exemplified by the pattern Tr(l, 8) in fig. 6.4c, we can also observe qualitatively different patterns of bursting such as those shown in fig. 6.4a and b. The latter two types of complex periodic oscillation occur in the vicinity of point B in fig. 6.2. The origin of such bursting patterns can be comprehended by resorting to a discussion of the dynamics of the fast subsystem pi-y in which variable a is treated as a slowly varying parameter (see below). 

Fig. 8.27. Typical bursting pattern generated by the model based on the scheme shown in fig. 8.26. The curves are obtained in a model for neuronal bursting based on the equations of Sherman et al. (1988) in which the Ca -dependent conductance, rather than being activated directly upon binding of Ca to the channel, is regulated through reversible phosphorylation by a Ca -activated kinase. Shown from top to bottom are the membrane potential, the fraction of open (i.e. phosphorylated) Ca " -dependent channels, and the concentration of cytosolic Ca. The long period of the bursting pattern is dictated by the low values of the maximum rates of phosphorylation (v ) and dephosphorylation (Vp) (Y.X. Li A. Goldbeter, unpublished results).

Bolser DC, DeGennaro FC (1994) Effect of codeine on the inspiratory and expiratory burst pattern during Active cough in cats. Brain Res 662 25-30... 

In order for us to perceive stress differences, stress patterns must of course manifest themselves in the acoustic signal. How is this achieved Firstly, taking a contrast between normal syllables and their stressed version, we can say that, in the case of stress, the syllable is spoken with greater articulation effort, that is, the articulators are more likely to move to their canonical positions and, in so doing, produce a syllable with many of the idealised sounds which we would expect from our discussion of articulatory phonetics. As a by-product of this, we can see that the syllable seems more distinct in the spectrogram the formants of the vowel are clearly observable, and it is often easier to ascertain the identity of the vowel from the formants of stressed syllables than from unstressed ones. Likewise with the consonants, stops often have more distinct closure and burst patterns... 

Fig. 7. A perspective plot of the spatio-temporal variation of the variable u(x, t) as computed with the reaction-diffusion system (3) with Dirichlet boundary conditions, the slow manifold (6), and the model parameters e = 0.01, a = 0.2, uo = ui = —1.5. (a) Stationary two-front pattern (D = 0.05) (b) two in-phase periodically oscillating fronts D = 0.03) (c) bursting pattern (D = 0.055) (d) two out of phase periodically oscilating fronts ( > = 0.02).

To summarize, let us emphasize that this crisis-induced succession of periodic and chaotic intermittent bursting patterns [64] is the counterpart of the alternating sequences of periodic and chaotic oscillations that exhibits the... 

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