Burnout phenomenon

Hodges, M. W., and D. H. Knoebel, 1973, Subcooled Burnout Phenomenon Adjacent to a Spacer Rib, ASME Paper 73-HT-40, ASME, New York. (5)... 

The burnout phenomenon in boiling can be explained as follows In order to move beyond point C where occurs, we must increase the healer surface temperature T. To increase however, we must increase the heat flux. But... 

Einsiedel, A. A. and Tully, H. A. (1981). Methodological considerations in studying the burnout phenomenon. In J. W. Jones (ed) The Burnout Syndrome. Park Ridge, IE London House Press. 

Starrin, B. et al (1990). A review and critique of psychological approaches to the burnout phenomenon. Scandanavian Journal of Caring Sciences 4 83-91. 

Many researchers have investigated the effect of burnout. It has been suggested as a major reaction produced by job stress (Lee and Ashford 1993 Cordes and Dougherty 1993) and the result when an individual is exposed to constant and routine stress over a prolonged period of time (Westman and Eden 1997). Maslach et al. (1996) defined burnout phenomenon as a syndrome of emotional exhaustion, cynicism and reduced personal accomplishment. 

The maximum heat flux achievable with nucleate boiling is known as the critical heat flux. In a system where the surface temperature is not self-limiting, such as a nuclear reactor fuel element, operation above the critical flux will result in a rapid increase in the surface temperature, and in the extreme situation, the surface will melt. This phenomenon is known as burnout. The heating media used for process plant are normally self-limiting for example, with steam, the surface temperature can never exceed the saturation temperature of the steam. Care must be taken in the design of electrically heated or fired vaporizers to ensure that the critical flux can never be exceeded. 

It has often been reported that prolonged exposure of a specimen to a laser beam will produce a Raman spectrum with enhanced signal to noise (the little-understood physical phenomenon of fluorescence burnout which is illustrated in Figure 1) by this means, good quality Raman spectra can be recorded in the presence of fluorescent material. However, the removal of the fluorescence emission is only temporary and the method is not always appropriate. Some biomaterials, such as skin and wool, exhibit strong... 

The findings from the interviews showed that the effect of burnout on safety performance is mixed and complex. Many construction personnel lost their ability in hazard identification, supervision, problem solving and decision making. They also felt a loss of concentration and sight of risky areas, and were less motivated to contribute. The above effects will directly affect safety performance. Other interviewees felt that safety performance was a group phenomenon and individual burnout would have no effect on safety performance. Although productivity could be lowered by the reduced personal accomplishment aspect but the project safety should be affected. 

---