Buried bursts

In this chapter, we will examine craters created from ground-level bursts, above-surface bursts, and buried bursts. We will find methods to scale from existing databases that wilt allow us to correct for the type of explosive as well as the type of ground medium. 

It would appear that their frequence decreases in older rocks, especially the Paleozoic (Weaver, 1959). The assembled studies of Perry and Hower (1970), Dunoyer de Segonzac (1969), Muffler and White (1969), Browne and Ellis (1970), Weaver (1959), Weaver and Beck (1971), Burst (1959), van Moort (1971) and Iijima (1970) demonstrate that the conversion of montmorillonite to other minerals in sequences of deeply buried sedimentary rocks is independent of time or geologic age and appears to be a function of the geothermal gradient which the rocks have experienced. These studies indicate that fully expandable dioctahedral montmorillonite is not stable above 100°C at depths of two kilometers or more. The occurrence of these minerals in sedimentary rocks can be considered to be controlled by their orogenic history. 

Fig. 1.2. Correlation between proton occupancies in the kinetic burst phase intermediate (black circles) and average area buried upon folding (AABUF, gray lines) for wild-type apomyoglobin and for a quadruple mutant (LeullGly, Trpl4Gly, Ala71Leu, Gly73Trp - termed the GGLW mutant). Reproduced with permission from [10]...

B. Fire Hazard. Fresh sulfide corrosion scale may burst into fiame spontaneously upon exposure to air. Most difficulty is encountered with exchanger-tube bundles and with the scale in naphtha-rundown tanks. Upon shutdown,.the lines and vessels should be flushed with water and left full until the equipment is opened. Tube bundles should be sprayed with water while being withdrawn, and all scaled surfaces should be kept moist. The scrapings are kept moist until they are buried. 

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