Bunching rate

Underbunching A condition in a traveling wave tube wherein the tube is not operating at its optimum bunching rate. 

Another effect of elastic deformation is that it causes a long-range interaction between steps. From the continuum elasticity theory, two steps sepa-rated by a distance have a repulsive interaction proportional to l for homo- and to In i for hetero-epitaxial cases, respectively [84]. This interaction plays an important role, for example, in step fluctuations, terrace width distribution, step bunching, and so forth [7,85-88]. 

A mechanism provides a description of individual chemical steps that make up the overall reaction. How fast each reaction occurs is governed by the rate constant for the reaction. The observable kinetic constants Km and Vmax are related to the individual rate constants for the individual steps by a bunch of algebra. 

FIGURE I The effects of data bunching on a signal from a chromatogram acquired at a high data rate. 

There are two main methods of drying herbs either suspended in bunches, or lying flat on racks or trays. For the enthusiast, electric dryers are available. It is best to dry each type separately, as they tend to dry at different rates. Choose a dark, clean, dry, well-ventilated spot, free from dust and insects. Always dry herbs out of direct sunlight, which causes loss of color and flavor. 

When chemists talk about an analytical method or when instrument vendors tout their products, they often quote the standard deviation that is achievable with the method or instrument as a measure of quality. For example, the manufacturer of an HPLC pump may declare that the digital flow control for the pump, with flow rates from 0.01 to 9.99 mL per minute, has a RSD less than 0.5%, or a chemist declares that her atomic absorption instrument gives results within 0.5% RSD. The most fundamental point about standard deviation is that the smaller it is, the better, because the smaller it is, the more precise the data (the more tightly bunched the data are around the mean) and, if free of bias, the greater the chance that the data are more accurate. Chemists have come to know through experience that a 0.5% RSD for the flow controller and, under the best of circumstances, a 0.5% RSD for atomic absorption results are favorable RSD values compared to other comparable instruments or methods. 

When we observe the process of advancement of elemental spiral steps in situ, it is often noticed that two steps bunch together to form a step with the height of two layers as they advance. The advancing rate of the bunched layer is retarded... 

Figure 5.31 Time correlation spectrum between 4d5/2 photoelectrons and N5-O2 3O2 3 S0 Auger electrons in xenon, recorded with a time-to-digital converter. Note the repetition rate, 208 ns, of the circulating electron bunches in the storage ring. The large second peak contains true and accidental coincidences, and the periodic structure is due to accidental coincidences only. From [KSc93].

In vitro tests exposing human blood samples from nine different donors to 0.12-0.13 THz radiation were performed [6], Samples were irradiated at 0.6-1 mW average power for 20 min. Pulse trains (4p,s) of THz at a 2 Hz repetition rate consisting of 50 ps micropulse bunches were delivered from a free-electron laser. Cell activity was not altered by the exposure to THz, suggesting that no chromosomal or other damage. 

Pulse radiolysis systems capable of picosecond time resolution use the fine structure of the output from the electron linear accelerator. Electrons in the accelerating tube respond to positive or negative electric field of the radiofrequency, and they are eventually bunched at the correct phase of the radiofrequency. Thus the electron pulse contains a train of bunches or fine structures with their repetition rate being dependent on the frequency of the radiofrequency (350 ps for the S-band and 770 ps for the L-band). 

Early components bunched, late components bunched Early components bunched, late components resolved Early components resolved, late components resolved Applying a strategy for developing a gradient separation Effect of flow rate upon gradient performance Applications Practical considerations... 

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