Bulk flow parallel to force direction

In Section 6.3.1, we cover external forces, specifically gravitational, electrical and centrifugal forces inertial force is also included here. In Section 6.3.2, chemical potential gradient driven equilibrium separation processes involving vapor-liquid, liquid-liquid, solid-melt and solid-vapor systems are considered the processes are flash vaporization, flash devolatilization, batch distillation, liquid-liquid extraction, zone melting, normal freezing and drying. Section 6.3.3 illustrates a number of membrane separation processes in the so-called dead-end filtration mode achieved when the feed bulk flow is parallel to the 

Bulk flow-based drag force direction 

We consider separations achieved due to external forces in the following order gravity electrical force centrifugal force inertial force (considered at the end). 

Consider the gravitational force acting on a spherical particle of mass ntp, radius tp, density pp falling vertically downward in a stagnant liquid of density p, ( pp). (All of our considerations are also valid if the medium is gaseous 

Open separators bulk flow parallel to force and CSTSs 

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