Bulk density compressibility calculated from

A number of other parameters can be calculated from true, bulk, and tap density measurements. These include void volume, porosity, bulkiness, and compressibility. 

Porosity calculations from density measurements have also been applied to granulations prepared using different processes. The method of granulation, such as the type of adjuvant used [64] or the amount of granulation liquid [74], was found to change the bulk density and porosity of the material. Consequently, the compression and flow properties of the materials were also different. 

In estimating the bulk compositions of the other terrestrial planets, there are not nearly so many constraints. Determination of a planet s mass (obtained from its gravitational effect on the orbits of moons or nearby spacecraft) and volume (calculated from its diameter as measured by telescopes) enables the calculation of its mean density. A meaningful comparison of planet mean densities requires that we correct for the effects of self-compression due... 

Figure 9.2. Size dependence of the bulk density of icy satellites. Solid and broken lines show the compressed density curves for pure ice and an ice-rock mixture (60 % ice + 40 % rock by mass) calculated from Lupo and Lewis f6]. Bulk densities of icy satellites belonging to each planet are shown for comparison.

The sample pressure at lower temperatures, before the formation of ice, can be calculated from the isochore of H2O of this particular density [7]. The bulk sample density was then increased by compressing the gasket with the two diamond anvils, and the new sample pressure, resulting from the reduction of sample volume, was determined in the same fashion. Typically, the sample pressure was high enough that methane hydrate was stable in the presence of water at room temperature. 

The correction for the pressure dependence of transport properties of gases can be piade by use of various correlations. These include the gas density which in turn is calculated from the compressibility factor. For viscosity the method proposed by Dean, Stiel [9] can be used, and for the thermal conductivity the method proposed by Stiel, Thodos [54] can be used. For the bulk diffusion coefficient it is normally assumed that it is inversely proportional to the density. 

Bulk powder properties are important in understanding the handling properties of an excipient or a granulated product. Common parameters measured are bulk and tap density. From these values the compressibility can be calculated using the following ... 

The incommensurate, hexagonal monolayers are compressed compared to the bulk metal and they are rotated from the substrate by several degrees. From the results, the monolayer compressibility could be calculated. The restructuring (i.e. surface reconstruction) of top layers of single crystal metal surfaces as a function of solution composition and electrode potential has been studied [73]. The induced charge density was found to be the critical parameter [74]. Structural changes during... 

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