Buffering, composition-graded

COMPOSITION-GRADED TRANSITIONAL BUFFERING FILM/ELECTROCOPPER... 

STRUCTURE AND STABILITY OF COMPOSITION-GRADED TRANSITIONAL BUFFERING PHASE... 

Figure 21.7 Transmission electron micrograph (a) (x 88000) and electron diffraction pattern (b) of the composition graded transitional buffering fdm layered by double-graded process (1 copper electrode used 2 silver electrode used).

Figure 21.8 XPS spectra of the surface of composition graded transitional buffering film layered by double-graded process curve a, surface curve b, 1 min sputter curve c, 5 min sputter curve d, oxidized copper surface.

Figure 21.9 The proposed seetional model of a eomposition-graded transitional buffering film layered by double-graded proeess A, pure methane plasma polymer layer B, composition-graded layer of methane plasma polymer and metal C, sputtered metal layer with earbon contamination.

Figure 10. Production History of 5% PV Graded Composite Slug of B4 and 50% PV Buffer Injected at 1.35 m/day...

Quaternary multilayers present a substantial challenge because there are so many variables. If the layers are not graded, and if there are only two types, e.g. InP substrate and buffer layers and a single quaternary composition for the active layer and cap, the mismatch may be obtained from the peak splitting. The composition caimot be obtained from the mismatch since a degree of freedom remains. However, a photoluminescent measurement of the bandgap plus the mismatch measurement does suffice. 

All reagents were analytical grade and have been acquired from Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, MO, USA, unless otherwise informed. Alcohol oxidase (AOD, Sigma) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP, Toyobo of Brazil) were immobilized separately on aminopropyl glass beads treated with 2.5% (v/v) glutaraldehyde, as previously described [3]. The composition of the indicator solution was 4-aminophenazone 0.395 g/1 and phenol 0.875 g/1, prepared in a 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer solution (pH 7), which was also used as carrier [3, 13], Reactions were carried out at room temperature (20°C). The ethanol samples were diluted with 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer solution (pH 7). 

Chemicals used as substrate, chromogenic agent, or buffer were commercial products of at least reagent grade. PASC was prepared firom Avicel (PHlOl fi om FMC) (39). Acid pretreated com stover (PCS) was obtained firom National Renewable Energy Laboratory, with a composition of -57% cellulose, 28% lignin, 5% hemicellulose and 4% protein. 

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