Breakage fragments

FIGURE 6.1.4 Comparison of inverse problem solution with the actual cumulative size distribution for breakage fragments (from Sathyagal et a/., 1995). (Reprinted with permission from Elsevier Science.)... 

The second and strictly intramolecular type of flavin photochemistry, N( 10)-photodealkylation, is both, singlet or triplet, dependent and has been studied systematically only very recently (57). It is much less general, as it does not involve a reduction at all, not even a spectrally apparent one under anaerobic conditions, and it requires synchronous breakage (fragmentation) of a N(10)-C(F) and a C(2 )-H bond (eq. 18) in cw-periplanar conformation with direct proton transfer yielding lumi-chrome and an olefin cf. Scheme 15) ... 

Drop breakage occurs when surrounding fluid stresses exceed the surface resistance of drops. Drops are first elongated as a result of pressure fluctuations and then spHt into small drops with a possibiUty of additional smaller fragments (Fig. 19). Two types of fluid stresses cause dispersions, viscous shear and turbulence. In considering viscous shear effects, it is assumed that the drop size is smaller than the Kohnogoroff microscale, Tj. 

From this it can be concluded that the wide distribution of fragment sizes from milhng is inherent in the breakage process itself and that attempts to improve grinding efficiency by weakening the particles will result in coarser fragments which may reqiiire a further break to reach the desired size. 

The breakage function AB gives the size distribution of product breakage of size u into all smaller sizes k. Since some fragments from size u are large enough to remain in the range of size u, the term AB is not zero, and... 

Drawing on analogies with this work, the breakage rates by wear and fragmentation By for fluid-bed processing shoiild be of the forms ... 

For solution of the population balanee equation, many forms exist for the partiele disruption terms Ba and Da respeetively (Randolph and Larson, 1988 Petanate and Glatz, 1983) but a partieularly simple form, whieh requires no integration of a fragment distribution, is the two-body equal-volume breakage funetion. It is assumed that eaeh partiele breaks into two smaller pieees, eaeh of half the original volume from whieh it follows that... 

Heterolytic bond breakage (Section 5.2) The kind of bond-breaking that occurs in polar reactions when one fragment leaves with both of the bonding electrons A B - A+ + B . ... 

Strand Breakage DNA Base Modification Deoxyribose Fragmentation... 

The cluster size distribution in the limit of small mass [x < s(f)] depends on the properties of the agglomerates undergoing fragmentation. If infinitesimal particles are formed on a single breakage, that is, b(r) r", then... 

However, the mechanical strength of the polymers tested was lacking since tube fragmentation and even breakage was observed less than five days after implantation (Wang et al., 2001). 

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