Branson Ultrasonic cleaning bath

Ultrasound substantially enhances current efficiency and stereoselectivity over silent electrolyses, but results were somewhat erratic which was attributed to the need for care in positioning the electrolysis cell in the Branson ultrasonic cleaning bath. Again, the observation refers to the need to address geometric considerations when dealing with soundwaves. The authors suggested that enhancement could result from improved single electron transfer (SET) as defined by Luche [185]. 

A commercially available ultrasonic cleaner was used for the prqjaration of nickel powders from nickel salt in aqueous solution. This cleaner, Model 3210 (Branson Ultrasonic Corp., CT), is normally used as a cleaning apparatus, working at a frequency of 47 kHz with e power of 130 W that consists of a stainless-steel bath of 5.17 1 capacity and has an ultrasonic transducer attached to the bottom of the bath. A liquid solution temperature in the bath can be varied from room temperature to maximum of 80 °C. 

Ta20s-coated glass substrates were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath (BRANSON 3200) in 2-propanol for 15 min followed by UV/ozone cleaning (BOEKEL model 135500, Boekel Ind. Inc., PA) for 30 min. A SAM was formed by a subsequent immersion in the octadecylphosphoric acid ester solution for up to 48 h. Following immersion, the substrates were removed from the solution and rinsed with 2-propanol, blow-dried with He, and stored in air until analysis. The ODP SAM is stable for several hours in the n-heptane/2-propanol mixed solution, as well as in pure 2-propanol, and for weeks if stored in air. 

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