Branching angle

Figure 1.8 Branch cell structural parameters (a) branching angles, (b) rotation angles, (/) repeat units lengths, (Z) terminal groups and dendritic subclasses derived from branches (IVa) random hyperbranched, (IVb) dendrigrafts and (IVc) dendrons/dendrimers...

The branching angles chemical nature (geometry) of the branch juncture, whereas the rotational angles secondary-structure parameters such as steric effects and hydrogen bonding. 

Figure 4. Schematic of a section of a colony of A. wilsoni showing two major branches with associated sub-branching. Numbers represent total amathamides as percentage dry weight at each location. Pie charts represent the proportion of the major amathamides at the position indicated by the arrows. (Branch angles are schematic only.)...

Compression wood forms on the underside of all softwood branches and tension wood on the upper side of hardwood branches. Thus reaction wood is responding to and resisting the additional incremental mass of branch wood that is weighing it down and which would otherwise result in the branch drooping from its preferred inclination. Most curious, if a branch is forced upwards compression wood forms on the upper side with softwoods, while tension wood forms on the lower side with hardwoods. Reaction wood is seeking to maintain some pre-determined, natural branch angle. 

Dendritic macromolecules constructed from small-molecule monomers incorporate three major components a core, repeating branch cell units, and a corona or outer shell. The branch cells (BC), also known as repeating units (RU), are defined in terms of a branching angle. 

Figure 11.4 Control parameters I, initiator core 1, branch-cell length a, branching angles and b, rotational angles (Courtesy of reference [27]).

BalAshAzy and Hofmann (1995) explored the effects of asymmetry in airway diameter, branching angle, and flow division on both inspiratory and expiratory particle deposition patterns for various particle sizes and flow rates. 

Fig. 9 Branch cell structural parameters a branching angle, b rotation angle, I repeat unit length, Z terminal group, I molecular reference marker or core. Dendritic subclasses derived from branches IVa random hyperbranched, IVb dendrigrafts, and IVc dendrons/dendrimers [93]. Copyright Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA. Reproduced with permission...

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