Bragg diffraction condensate

As a general rule, which is proved by the differences between the values of interplanar Bragg diffraction distances, the condensation process between the ethoxysilane groups during the sol-gel process results in the formation of the more compact hybrid materials Ma, Mu, and Ma-u compared with the unpolymerized A, U, and AU mix powders (Fig. 5)... 

The condensed layer measured with Bragg-diffraction X-ray standing waves... 

Fig. 4. UED of condensed phases — crystals and solid-to-liquid phase transitions. Shown are the diffraction from the crystal (top) diffraction image referencing of Bragg spots (middle) and of amorphous-to-liquid transition (bottom).

We saw in the historical introduction that the study of crystal structure, that is the determination of the nature and the positions of the atoms inside the crystal cell, quickly became an essential application of X-ray diffraction. W.H. and W.L. Bragg, for example, were awarded the Nobel Prize for their works on the determination of the crystal stracture of several simple phases. Throughout the 20 century, the determination of crystal structure was one of the major driving forces in developing the study of condensed matter by X-ray diffraction with regard to both the improvements made to the instraments and the implementation of more efficient methods of data processing. 

Understanding the glass structure on the atomic scale is one of the most challenging issues in condensed matter physics due to the absence of a periodic structure in such disordered materials. Unlike in a crystal, where the structure can be probed on the basis of Bragg peaks in X-ray diffraction patterns, diffraction spectra of amorphous materials generally exhibit broad halos therefore, traditional diffraction methods are limited in investigating the structure of amorphous materials [1,41]. 

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