Boundaries imperial

Adoption of the boundaries and unities created by the imperial power as the sacred space of the new national identity, within which all indigenous people should bury their differences. 

More than the other two forms, anti-imperial nationalism was the child of very specific conditions in the first half of the twentieth century. Imperialism changed its nature profoundly in the decades before and after 1900, as colonial governments extended their sovereignty to internationally agreed boundaries and assumed most of the unitary functions of nation-states elsewhere. The twentieth century imperial combination of creating a structure that looked like a modern nation state but lacked... 

The effect of this type of imperial interaction was to create expectations in the nationalisms they produced which would be very difficult to fulfil. The colonial boundaries were of course sacralised as the correct boundaries for anti-imperial nationalism. But in Burma, Burman ethnie nationalism became fatally entangled with state nationalism after independence, with a constant state of unwinnable war against minority ethnie nationalisms. Vietnam was very fortunate that the anti-imperial nationalism of the Indo-Chinese communist party was unable to take control of the whole colony in 1945, and eventually renamed itself the Vietnamese Workers Party in 1951. The French were able to steer Laos and Cambodia to a fragile independence in 1954 (Goscha 1999). The wars of Indo-China up until 1980 were nevertheless bedevilled by Vietnamese attempts to lead the anti-imperial nationalisms of Laos and Cambodia in the Indo-Chinese Revolution of which they had dreamed since 1930, and problems remain between these variants of nationalism. 

The densities of many of the lead-containing coins are higher than the density of copper (8.93 g/cm3). However, bronze (Cu-Sn alloy) and brass (Cu-Zn alloy) both have densities below that of pure copper, and indeed, the measured densities of our coins reflect this fact. However, some of the cast coins have densities somewhat lower than expected from their chemical compositions. This low density is probably caused by interior porosity, which is rare in Roman Imperial coins (the hot striking of these coins would tend to close internal pores). The density of coin T-1600 is 7.79 g/cm3. This very low density is caused by extensive interior corrosion of the coin. In fact, the coin seems to have noticeably expanded because of corrosion along grain boundaries into the interior of the coin. 

P. E. Hancock, The Effect of Free-Stream Turbulence on Turbulent Boundary Layers, PhD thesis, Imperial College, London, 1980. 

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