Bootstrapping

I Eelsenstein. Confidence limits on phylogenies An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39 783-791, 1985. 

Larger steam turbine or bootstrap required Expander and generator part of process Addition of expander requires prior planning Induction M/G decreases power factor Loss of production on loss of generator or expander... 

Techniques to use for evaluations have been discussed by Cox and Tikvart (42), Hanna (43) and Weil et al. (44). Hanna (45) shows how resampling of evaluation data will allow use of the bootstrap and jackknife techniques so that error bounds can be placed about estimates. 

The start-up and bias supply eireuit provides the operating voltage for the eontrol IC and power switeh drive seetions. This eireuit is sometimes ealled the bootstrap start-up circuit. Sinee all of the power drawn and delivered by this eireuit is eonsidered a loss, it is important to keep its overall funetion as effi-eient as possible. 

Figure 3-47 The high-voltage linear regulator bootstrap start-up circuit (used only at startup and foldback periods).

Designing the bootstrap start-up eireuit (refer to Seetion 3.10)... 

The apparent terminal model reactivity ratios are then r => aK and c =rR, K It follows that rABVBf = rABrBA - const. The bootstrap effect does not require the terminal model and other models (penultimate, complex participation) in combination with the bootstrap effect have been explored.103,1 4215 Variants on the theory have also appeared where the local monomer concentration is a function of the monomer feed composition.11[Pg.431]

The effects of solvent on reactivity ratios and polymerization kinetics have been analyzed for many copolymerizations in terms of this theory.98 These include copolymerizations of S with MAH,"7 118 S with MAA,112 S with MMA,116 117 "9 121 S with HEMA,122 S with BA,123,124 S with AN,103415 125 S with MAN,112 S with AM,11" BA with MM A126,127 and tBA with HEMA.128 It must, however, be pointed out that while the experimental data for many systems are consistent with a bootstrap effect, it is usually not always necessary to invoke the bootstrap effect for data interpretation. Many authors have questioned the bootstrap effect and much effort has been put into finding evidence both for or against the theory.69 70 98 129 "0 If a bootstrap effect applies, then reactivity ratios cannot be determined by analysis of composition or sequence data in the normal manner discussed in Section 7.3.3. 

Studies on the reactions of small model radicals with monomers provide indirect support but do not prove the bootstrap effect.111 Krstina et ahL i showed that the reactivities of MMA and MAN model radicals towards MMA, S and VAc were independent of solvent. However, small but significant solvent effects on reactivity ratios are reported for MMA/VAc111 and MMA S 7 copolymerizations. For the model systems, where there is no polymer coil to solvate, there should be no bootstrap effect and reactivities are determined by the global monomer ratio [Ma0]/[Mb0].1j1... 

Other phenomena attributed to a bootstrap or similar effects include... 

One might also anticipate that the influence of bootstrap effects (Section 8.3.1.2) would be quite different in living and non-living processes. 68 A comprehensive study of reactivity ratios in living and conventional radical polymerization may provide a test of the various hypotheses for the origin of this effect. 

The statistical difference in performance of models was estimated with a bootstrap test using 10000 replicas (see details in Ref. [91]). The significance level of p<0.05 was used. For each dataset all methods were classified in four categories. 

B. Efron and R. Tibshirani, An Introduction to the Bootstrap. Wiley, New York, 1993,... 

R. Wehrens and W. van der Linden, Bootstrapping principal regression models. J. Chemom., 11 (1997) 157-172. 

Davison AC, Hinkley DV (1997) Bootstrap Methods and their Application. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge... 

Porter PS, Rao ST, Ku J-Y, Poirot RL, Dakins M (1997) Small sample properties of nonparametric bootstrap t confidence intervals. J Air Waste Management Assoc 47 1197-1203 Powell R, Hergt J, Woodhead J (2002) Improving isochron calcttlatiorrs with robust statistics and the bootstrap. Chem Geol 185 191- 204... 

Fig. 6.1 Interrelationships of chemoreceptors internal (neurotransmitters) and external chemosignals. Phylogenetic connections for sequences in transmembrane (Fig. 6.2) domains Nos. = bootstrap values from 100 Megaline searches (based on majority consensus tree). Invertebrate — DrOR fruit-fly, CeOR nematode vertebrate — FOR fish, LOR (1 2) lamprey, MOR mouse VR (1 2) vomeronasal (from Dryer and Berghard, 1999).

Efron B (1982) The jackknife, the bootstrap and other resampling techniques. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, PA... 

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