Bonding Forces and Energies

The net force F between the two atoms is just the sum of both attractive and repulsive components that is, 

Sometimes it is more convenient to work with the potential energies between two atoms instead of forces. Mathematically, energy E) and force (F) are related as 

Three different types of primary or chemical bond are found in solids—ionic, covalent, and metallic. For each type, the bonding necessarily involves the valence electrons furthermore, the nature of the bond depends on the electron structures of the constituent atoms. In general, each of these three types of bonding arises from the tendency of the atoms to assume stable electron structures, like those of the inert gases, by completely filling the outermost electron shell. 

Secondary or physical forces and energies are also found in many solid materials they are weaker than the primary ones but nonetheless influence the physical properties of some materials. The sections that follow explain the several kinds of primary and secondary interatomic bonds. 

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