Chemically modified electrode bonding, analysis

This brief review attempts to summarize the salient features of chemically modified electrodes, and, of necessity, does not address many of the theoretical and practical concepts in any real detail. It is clear, however, that this field will continue to grow rapidly in the future to provide electrodes for a variety of purposes including electrocatalysis, electrochromic displays, surface corrosion protection, electrosynthesis, photosensitization, and selective chemical concentration and analysis. But before many of these applications are realized, numerous unanswered questions concerning surface orientation, bonding, electron-transfer processes, mass-transport phenomena and non-ideal redox behavior must be addressed. This is a very challenging area of research, and the potential for important contributions, both fundamental and applied, is extremely high. 

This paper will survey the current status of surface analysis in the examination of chemically modified electrode surfaces. In doing so, we shall take selected examples from our laboratory and the literature to illustrate some of the methods that have been employed to answer questions about surface topography, atomic and molecular speciation, and molecular orientation and bonding. 

Smith, D.F., Wilhnan, K., Kuo, K., and Murray R.W. 1979. Chemically modified electrodes XV. Electrochemistry and waveshape analysis of aminophenylferrocene bonded to acid chloride functionalized ruthenium, platinum, and tin oxide electrodes. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 95, 217-227. 

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