Boiling-point elevation vapor pressure reduction

There are four main colligative properties, or properties of a solvent that are affected by the presence of a solute vapor-pressure reduction, boiling-point elevation, freezing-point depression, and osmotic pressure. 

Increases in pressure increase the solubility of gaseous solutes, but have little effect on solid solutes. Similarly, decreases in pressure decrease the solubility of gases in liquids and have little effect on solid solutes. There are four main coUigative properties, or properties of a solvent that are affected by the presence of a solute vapor-pressure reduction, boiling-point elevation, freezing-point depression, and osmotic pressure. 

The data reduction of vapor-pressure osmometry (VPO) follows to some extent the same relations as outlined above. However, from its basic principles, it is not an equilibrium method, since one measures the (very) small difference between the boiling point temperatures of the pure solvent drop and the polymer solution drop in a dynamic regime. This temperature difference is the starting point for determining solvent activities. There is an analogy to the boiling point elevation in thermodynamic equilibrium. Therefore, in the steady state period of the experiment, the following relation can be applied if one assumes that the steady state is sufficiently near the vapor-liquid equilibrium and linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics is valid ... 

Fiuthermore, the osmotic behavior of dilute binary solutions can be used to describe the partial pressure of its components. In the gas phase, which is in contact with a solution, each component of the solution shows a partial pressure, which is lower than the vapor pressure of this component Therefore, in the case of a binary solution where solute b has a negligible vapor pressure, an elevation of the boiling point occurs in relation to that of the pure solvent a. This reduction compared to the... 

---