Tetrodotoxin blue-ringed octopus

Hwang DF, Arakawa O, Saito T, Noguchi T, Simidu U, Tsukamoto K, Shida Y, Hashimoto K. (1988) Tetrodotoxin-producing bacteria from the blue-ringed octopus Octopus Maculosus. Marine Biology 100 327-332. 

Flow Diagram for Isolation of Tetrodotoxin from the Blue Ring Octopus Hapalochlaena maculosa (23)... 

Produced by the blue ringed octopus and now known to be identical with tetrodotoxin qv. 

The fargefs for natural biological toxins include ion channels and receptors for transmitfers. At least four parts of fhe volfage-gafed sodium charmels are binding sifes for extremely toxic natural products. " Tetrodotoxin (Fig. 30-16), which is found in the puffer fish, certain newts, and venom of fhe blue-ringed octopus, and also the shellfish poison saxitoxin (Fig. 

Sheumack DD, Howden MEH, Spence I, Quinn RJ. Tetrodotoxin in the blue-ringed octopus. MedJAust 1 160-161, 1978. 

Hwang, D.F., Arakawa, O., Saito, T., Noguchi, T., Simidu, U., Tsukamoto, K., Shida, Y., and Hashimoto, K. 1989. Tetrodotoxin-producing bacteria from the blue-ringed octopus. Octopus maculosus. Mar. Biol 100, 327-332. 

Tetrodotoxin has been isolated from various vertebrate and invertebrate species, among them from the blue-ringed octopus, Hapaloch-laena maculosa. Sheumack et al. (614) described the occurrence of a lethal toxin in the eggs of this species. The properties of this toxin were indistinguishable from those of authentic tetrodotoxin. 

Sheumack, D.D., M.E.H. Howden, and I. Spence Occurrence of a Tetrodotoxin-Like Compound in the Eggs of the Venomous Blue-ringed Octopus Hapalochlaena maculosa). Toxicon 22, 811 (1984). 

Williams, D.L. and Caldwell, R.L. (2009) Intra-organismal distribution of tetrodotoxin in two species of blue-ringed octopuses Hapalochlamafasciataa.nd H. lunulata). Toxicon, 54, 345-353. 

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