Bacteria tetrodotoxin-producing

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Hwang, D.F., Arakawa, O., Saito, T., Noguchi, T., Simidu, U., Tsukamoto, K., Shida, Y., and Hashimoto, K. 1989. Tetrodotoxin-producing bacteria from the blue-ringed octopus. Octopus maculosus. Mar. Biol 100, 327-332. 

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Wu, Z., Yang, Y., Xie, L., Xia, G., Hu, J., Wang, S., and Zhang, R. (2005a) Toxicity and distribution of tetrodotoxin-producing bacteria in puffer fish Fugu rubripes collected from the Bohai Sea of China. Toxicon, 46, 471—476. 

Cheng, C.A., Hwang, D.F., Tsai, Y.H., Chen, H.C., Jeng, S.S., Noguchi, T, Ohwada, H., and Hasimoto, K. (1995) Microflora and tetrodotoxin-producing bacteria in a gastropod, Niotha clathrata. Food Chem. Toxicol., 33, 929-934. 

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) and saxitoxin (STX) are potent sodium channel blockers that are found in phylogenetically diverse species of marine life. The wide distribution of TTX and STX has resulted in speculation that bacteria are the source of these toxins. Recently, investigators have reported isolation of marine bacteria, including Vibrio Alteromonas, Plesiomonas, and Pseudomonas species, that produce TTX and STX. This chapter details the methods and results of research to define bacterial sources of TTX and STX. 

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