Bismuth electrooxidation

Menke EJ, Brown MA, Li Q, Hemminger JC, Penner RM (2006) Bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) nanowires Synthesis by cyclic electrodeposition/stripping, thinning by electrooxidation, and electrical power generation. Langmuir 22 10564-10574... 

Chang SC, Ho Y, Weaver MJ. 1992. Applications of real-time infrared spectroscopy to electrocatalysis at bimetallic surfaces. I. Electrooxidation of formic acid and methanol on bismuth-modified platinum (111) and platinum (100). Surf Sci 265 81-94. 

Kwon Y, Birdja Y, Spanos I, Rodriguez P, Koper MTM (2012) Highly selective electrooxidation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone on platinum in the presence of bismuth. ACS Catal 2 759-764... 

Bismuth has attracted significant interest as a Pt/C modifier for formic acid electrooxidation [21, 24, 26, 27]. A wide range of stable and well-characterized electrode surfaces modified by irreversible Bi adatom adsorption on Pt have been reported in the literature for a range of Bi coverages 6). Chen et al. have explored Bi adatom decoration on 81 nm tetrahexahedral Pt nanoparticles that while composed of (100) and (110) facets that are the least active for formic acid electrooxidation, they are boimd by 730 and vicinal high-index facets that are extremely active [18]. They have measured current densities of 10 mA cm for Bi coverages up to 0.9 at 0.4 V in 0.25 M formic acid and 0.5 M H2SO4 solution see Fig. 4.4. They also showed steady-state activity at 0.3 V of 2.8 mA cm after 1 min vs. 0.0003 mA cm for the non-modified Pt baseline. 

Daniele S, Bergamin S (2007) Preparation and voltammetric characterisation of bismuth-modified mesoporous platinum microelectrodes. Application to the electrooxidation of formic acid. Electrochem Commun 9 1388-1393... 

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