Birde, William

The yellow coloration of egg yolks is important for consumer acceptance of this product. Moderately colored egg yolks are appropriate for table use, while highly colored yolks are desired as ingredients in processed foods (Klaui and Bauernfiend, 1981). The pigmentation of yolk is directly correlated to the amount and type of carotenoid supplementation (Marus-ich et al, 1960). The addition of antioxidants to carotenoid-supplemented diets resulted in increased pigmentation of egg yolks over those without added antioxidant (Madiedo and Sunde, 1964). It is likely that the antioxidant provided a protective effect for the carotenoid during feed storage and/or in the digestive tract of the bird. Williams etal. (1963) reported that 8-10 days are required to reach a steady-state carotenoid concentration in egg yolks of hens provided a carotenoid-rich diet. 

J. E. E. Baglin and J. S. Williams. High Energy Ion Scattering Spectrometry. In Ion Beamsfor Materials Analysis. Q. R. Bird and J. S. Williams, eds.) Academic Press, Sydney, 1989. 

Hill, E.F., R.G. Heath, J.W. Spann, and J.S. Williams. 1975. Lethal Dietary Toxicities of Environmental Pollutants to Birds. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Wildl. 191. 61 pp. 

Taxonomic nomenclatures for plants and animals are under constant revision. In the Handbook of Chemical Risk Assessment series, the author elected to conform as much as possible to the systems and spellings used by Scott and Wasser (1980) for plants, Swain and Swain (1948) for insects, Turgeon et al. (1988) for aquatic molluscs, Williams et al. (1989) for decapod crustaceans, Pratt (1935) and Hyman (1940, 1951a, 1951b, 1955) for miscellaneous invertebrates, Robins et al. (1991) for fishes, Ditmars (1966) for reptiles, Edwards (1974) and Howard and Moore (1991) for birds, and Nowak and Paradiso (1983) for mammals. Individual species are arranged alphabetically by scientific and common names (Table 33.2). In total, about 2300 species of animals and plants were cited, of which only 23 (1.0%) were listed in at least 20 chapters. The most widely cited species include ... 

Hill, E.F., Heath, R.G., Spann, J.W., and Williams, J.D. Lethal dietary toxicities of environmental pollutants to birds, U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Wildlife Report 191, 1975. 

Current data suggest that Campylobacter is primarily transferred on to poultry carcasses via fluid and excreta from the GI tract of the bird, due to the high numbers of the organism found in these fluids (Franco and Williams,... 

The Williams Plastometer, which is based on this geometry, has been used in the rubber industry for many years. [I. Williams, Plasticity and its Measurement, Ind. Eng. Chem., 16, 362-364 (1931).] More recently, Leider and Bird (49) pointed out the advantage of this simple geometry for transient nonviscometric rheological testing of polymeric melts. 

J.R. Bird and J.S. Williams, Ion Beams for Materials Analysis , Academic Press/Harcourt Brace Jovano-vich Publishers (1989). 

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