BIRD detector

Nowadays an important position belongs to the infrared detectors incorporating the mentioned wide-bandgap semiconductor barrier [368-370] (the BIRD detector —Barrier Infrared Detector). Maimon and Wicks proposed to use unipolar BIRDs —i.e., the built-in barrier layer blocks one carrier type, but allows free flow of the other type [371]. Such structures are for instance nBn. Ting et al. proposed the use of complementary barriers, one for electrons, another for holes, positioned at different depths [372]. Itsuno et al. analyzed NBvN and nBn detectors (where B stands for Barrier) [373, 374]. In their 2013 paper Martinyuk et al. quoted that besides Auger suppression the BIRD devices also suppress Shockley-Read-Hall g-r processes [375]. 

Note In ICR cells, the ions circulate like separate swarms of birds rather than like matter in the rings of Saturn. If ions of the same m/z non-coherently circulated at the same frequency and radius, but occupied the total orbit rather than a small sector of it, there would be no image current induced upon their passage at the detector plates. 

An extended eneigy range CsI(TI)-photodiode detector AJ. Bird, T. Carter and AJ. Dean... 

As NRA has grown from accelerator-based nuclear physics and expanded after the invention of solid-state detectors (the surface barrier Si detector for the detection of particles and Ge(Li) detectors for the detection of y rays), its instrumentation is very much similar to those used in particle and y-ray nuclear spectroscopy. The PIXE method also started to use an existing instrumentation, the Si(Li) X-ray detectors, nearly a decade later. Consequently, this review will refer to the previous O Sects. 33.1 and O 33.2 on PIXE and RBS concerning the acceleration and the formation of energetic ion beams, the internal and external sample chambers, scanning particle microprobe facilities, particle detection, and data acquisition. It will only deal with the characteristic features of the detection of ions and y rays produced in nuclear reactions. Neutrons are also produced in these reactions, but in practice they are rarely used for NRA. Because of space limitations, that technique (Bird and Williams 1989) will not be discussed. 

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