Bipolar probe

The bipolar probe (D. C. Auth et af, 1980) has no non-differential electrode, both electrodes being built into the tip. In the most... 

Analysis of the literature reveals no significant differences between electrocoagulation and (very expensive) laser treatment procedures in terms of primary or definitive haemostasis. With laser therapy, the complication rate (0—4%) lies above that of electrocoagulation (0%). Heat and bipolar probes may be regarded as the most tissue-friendly , an inference supported by the results of animal experiments, while laser and monopolar probe methods are more aggressive . The electrohydrothermal probe offers a compromise. An additional consideration is that electrocoagulation and EHT procedures are technically uncomplicated, locally applicable and lower in cost compared to laser methods. 

Due to the high number of tested probe molecule it was possible to apply both, the van Oss concept using monopolar probe molecules and the Gutman approach using bipolar probes, ys and ys numbers as well as Ka and Kb are summarised in Table 3 together with the dispersive surface energies. 

In bipolar systems the two non-insulated electrodes are placed in situ in the same probe. From a physical point of view, bipolar probes seem particularly suitable for avoiding energy dispersion between the dispersive and focusing electrodes. Just recently the first bipolar probes were approved for interstitial... 

Ortruba III, j. P., and Weiss, R. G. (1983). Liquid crystalline solvents as mechanistic probes. 11. The syn —> anti thermal isomerization mechanism of some low- bipolarity azobenzenes. /. Org. Chem. 48, 3448-3453. 

From N. K. Adam s observation that many bipolar amphiphatic molecules form gaseous expanded films, it is evident that these nitroxide probe films, with the possible exception of 5-NS and 5-NS(Me), behave as typical bipolar amphiphatic films. The shift to lower areas/molecule for 5-NS and 5-NS (Me) shows that, as the oxazolidine ring moves closer to the primary polar group, the bipolar nature of the molecule diminishes. Thus the carboxyl group and oxazolidine ring for these compounds effectively constitute one polar group. 

Sensing membrane-.oHgo-probes immobilized pH control membrane bipolar ion-exchange membrane... 

Figure 12. The upper panels show one-dimensional velocity distributions of NO from the photodissociation of 2-chloro-2-nitrosopropane at 650 nm using the projection TOF method. The NO ions were produced by REMPI via the A2Z+ <- X2n transition using the branches indicated in the figure. The velocity distributions were taken with sD and ePR collinear and both cPR and the probe laser propagation direction perpendicular the axis of the detector, kD. The symbols O and indicate velocity distributions taken with eD parallel and perpendicular to kD, respectively. The lower panel shows the difference spectra of the velocity distributions, which are sensitive to the yS°(20) bipolar moment. The solid line shows a fit to the difference spectra using equations discussed in [42] and [170]. [Reprinted with permission from R. Uberna, R. D. Hinchliffe, and J. I. Cline, J. Chem. Phys., 105(22), 9847 (1996). Copyright 1996 American Institute of Physics.

A related bipolar dodecane possessing A-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanine terminal units has been shown [24] to form bundles of braided tapes in a hexane/EtOAc mixture. In order to probe the function of the urethane moieties, deprotection afforded the corresponding bis(a-aminoamide), which gave solids lacking any microstructural character. Bolaphiles composed of straight chain alkane termini have been reported [25] to afford self-assembled supramolecular structures in water. 

Catalan (1995) has developed a set of polarity parameters known as the solvent bipolarity-polarizability (SPP) scale. Like the tt scales, the SPP parameters are based on the abihty of the solvent to shift the positions of absorption bands in a test molecule used as a probe. The effect, known as solvatochromism, utilizes 2-(N,Af-dimethylamino)-7-nitrofluorene (DMANF) by measuring the shift in the absorption spectrum as a series of solvents is used. The value of SPP for each solvent is calculated from the relationship... 

A bipolar PU electrode pair lead measures the local potential difference and is therefore actually also an electric field strength [V/m] probe. If the conductivity is known, it is also a current density probe since J = aE. Because the electric field is a vector field and the bipolar lead has an orientation being the length Lpu between the PU electrodes, the measured voltage is the dot product v = E-Lp = J-Lpu/ct- The larger the electrode area,... 

Implementation of temperature probe in the bipolar plate (Source Lebaek et ah, 2010, with permission of Int. J. Hydrogen Energy). 

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