Biomolecules oligosaccharides peptides

Three-dimensional structures of a large number of biomolecules (proteins, peptides, oligonucleotides and oligosaccharides) have been obtained using... 

Today, mass spectrometry has become one of the most widely used analytical techniques in the life sciences [11,12], The mass spectrometric analysis of different classes of biomolecules is reviewed in this chapter peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, oligosaccharides and lipids. Several applications are detailed for each class. Metabolomics, which is the omics science of metabolism, will also be examined at the end of the chapter. 

With the availability of C- and N-labeled biomolecules (peptides, proteins, DNA, RNA, oligosaccharides), resonance assignment can be based on techniques that do not rely on the small H- H J couplings to establish through-bond connectivities, but, instead, larger one-bond... 

Capillary electrophoresis has a wide applicability. High molecular weight compounds such as proteins, nucleic acids and oligosaccharides can be separated as well as smaller biomolecules such as peptides and amino acids. CE is not restricted to charged analytes. Neutral molecules can be separated from each other by employing a variation of CE called micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). This is frequently used for the separation of chiral drugs in pharmaceutical research. 

Mass spectrometry is among the most powerful tools in protein and DNA analysis. It can determine molecular weights of biomolecules as large as 500,000 Da with high accuracy. Structural information like the amino acid sequence in a peptide or the sugar sequence in an oligosaccharide can be obtained. Some mass spectrometers can be coupled directly to a separation method such as LC or CE to combine the strengths of both techniques. 

Biological molecules, such as proteins and peptides, oligosaccharides, nucleic acids, lipids, and their related compounds, are widely used for biomaterial and pharmaceutical applications. These compounds are expensive, not so stable for longterm storage, and do not require extremely large-scale synthesis. Also, the use of hazardous compounds is required in many cases. Therefore, the microreaction process is considered as a new approach which can overcome these restrictions in the synthesis of biomolecules. Several organic and biochemical syntheses have been performed using the microfluidic platform. 

Combined with electrospray ionization or MALDI, FT-ICR-MS is a very attractive tool for gas-phase studies of biomolecules such as peptides and proteins, oligonucleotides, and oligosaccharides. The possibihty to trap ions for prolonged periods of time, even up to thousands of seconds, can be applied in the study of gas-phase ion-molecule reactions. Application of proton-transfer reactions in ICR cells in the study of biomolecules has been reviewed [97]. Detailed structural as well as conformational studies on biomolecules rely on H/D-exchange experiments, for which FT-ICR is an excellent tool, e.g., [98, 99]. 

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