Surface characterization biomedical polymers

Mathieu, H.., Chevolot, Y, Ruiz-Taylor, L. and Leonard, D. Engineering and Characterization of Polymer Surfaces for Biomedical Applications. Vol. 162, pp. 1-35. 

Rinki K, Dutta PK, Hunt AJ et al (2011) Chitosan aerogel exhibiting high surface area for biomedical applications preparation, characterization and antibacterial study. Int J Polym Mater Article ID 553849 (GPOM-2010-0362.R1)... 

The surface of a polymeric biomaterial could be described based on its morphology/topography, hydrophobic-ity, and chemical functional groups. Accordingly, a number of high-resolution techniques are available today to characterize various aspects of polymer surfaces intended for biomedical applications. 

Surface characterization by spectroscopic techniques yields information on the functional groups and elemental composition on the surface of polymeric biomaterials. The most common spectroscopic tools used for biomedical polymers are X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (diffuse reflectance and attenuated total internal reflectance modes). Each of these techniques is discussed in the succeeding text. 

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is widely used for surface characterization and analysis of polymers, biomedical materials and paper. The technique was developed by Kai Siegbahn in the 1960s, who realized that technical development had come to a point where the photoelectric effect discovered by Einstein could be used for surface chemical analysis. The photoelectric effect is the phenomenon that occurs when a material is exposed to photons with sufficiently high energy and electrons contained in the material with a lower binding energy are emitted. Therefore, we can write ... 

Ratner BD (1988) The surface characterization of biomedical materials. In Ratner BD (ed) Progress in biomaterials engineering, vol 6. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 13 Vidrine DW (1982) Photoacoustic Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of solids and liquids. In Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Fries T (1994) Deutscher Verband fiir Materialprufung, p 127 Sacher E (1988) The determination of the surface tensions of solid films. In Ratner BD (ed) Progress in biomaterials engineering, vol 6 Surface characterization of biomaterials. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 53 Owens DK, Wendt RC (1969) J Appl Polym Sci 13 1741... 

The surface characterization tools that provide qualitative and quantitative information about wettability, morphology, and elemental and molecular surface chemistry are outlined in this section. These tools can provide a comprehensive view of the surface (10-100 A) from which a model of interfacial behavior can be developed. The model of the working surface can be utilized to understand fundamental structure-property relations and thus used in general problem solving. It is important to remember that no one surface tool is an end in itself [28j. It is important to correlate information from all sources to build a working model of behavior. The understanding of the surface structure allows one to apply the appropriate surface modification and to follow the modification as a function of polymer processing. Thus, assessment of the real-world surface chemistry in a deliverable biomedical product is necessary and prudent. 

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