Biology and computers

It is important that the preceding speculations are true only for macroinformation— that is, information on the occurrence of one of many possible system macrostates at a given moment of time. As to microinfor mation, it cannot be fixed in principle, since any microstate may turn rap idly to another microstate due to the strong instability of microscopic motion and heat fluctuations. For example, biological and computational systems store only macroinformation (see following for details on some... 

Hood, L. (2003) Systems biology integrating technology, biology, and computation. Mech. Ageing Dev. 124, 9-16. 

Bioinfonnatics field of science in which biology and computer science merge into a single discipline to create, manage and interpret massive sets of complex biological data. 

Although xenobiotic metabolism has evolved in the last decades to become a mature science, the history of xenobiotic metabolism is much older than just the past few decades. Xenobiotic metabolism was bom in 1841 with the discovery of the biotransformation of benzoic acid into hippuric acid, and the major pathways were discovered in the 19 century [7]. The first half of the 20 century saw an accumulation of data on many xenobiotics, recognized the role of enzymes, and bathed in the belief that metabolism means detoxification. The state of knowledge in the middle of the 20 century was summarized in a most comprehensive and authoritative manner by R.T. Williams [8]. The second half of the 20 century has seen the maturation of xenobiotic metabolism. From the many examples available, it became possible to deduce generalizations and mles and to use them as guides for future advances [9, 10]. In recent years, the contributions of molecular biology and computational chemistry have been particularly impressive. 

The development of bioinformatics (the unity of biology and computer science) should also be mentioned for its importance in providing the methods for placental proteome profiling. This area has become one of the... 

Williams E, Abarbanel H, Ahvisatos P, Block S, Brenner M et al. (2002) Opportunities at the Intersection of NanoSci., Biology and Computation, The MITRE Corporation McLean, VA, JSR-02-300, Nov. http //www.fas.org/irp/agency/dod/jason/nanoint.pdf... 

Christopher Jarzynski is a technical staff member in the Theoretical Division at Los Alamos National Laboratory. His current research interests include nonequilibrium statistical physics, computational biology, and computational chemistry. E>r. Jarzynski received an A.B. with high honors from Princeton UnivCT-sity and a Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley, both in physics. He is the recipient of a Fulbright Scholarship and an Outstanding Teaching Assistant Award from the University of California, Berkeley. 

Chemical, Biological and Computational Tools in Chemical Ecology... 

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