Biological tissues, cavitation

As described earlier, ultrasound affects biological tissues via three main effects, thermal effects, cavitational effects, and acoustic streaming. Conditions under which these effects become critical are given below. ... 

If the matrix is a biological tissue for which it is desired to disrupt the cells and homogenize the resulting lysate, ultrasonic disruption is widely used, exploiting the cavitation phenomenon discussed in Section 4.3.2c. That earlier discussion was mainly concerned with extracting analytes from slurries of small particles and by implication referred mainly to thermally stable analytes. When... 

Ultrasound waves produce a variety of thermal and cavitational effects in biological tissues [1]. Given their widespread use in medical diagnostic and treatment since the sixties [2], stringent standards have been developed to keep the intensity of these waves within safe levels [3], Thus, calibration techniques have also been actively developed such as wideband hydrophones, calorimetric, optical and radiation-force measurement systems [3], When the intensity increases, as it is the case in HIFU (high intensity focused ultrasound) and lithotripters, calibration becomes more delicate [1],... 

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