Biological organization

Enzymes are important catalysts in biological organisms and are of increasing use in detergents and sensors. It is of interest to understand not only their adsorption characteristics but also their catalytic activity on the surface. The interplay between adsorption and deactivation has been clearly illustrated [119] as has the ability of a protein to cleave a surface-bound substrate [120]. 

Taste and Odor Control. Tastes and odors in surface waters result from the action of biological organisms, eg, algae, or from various minerals, pollution by industry, domestic seepage, or agriculture. Groundwaters may have taste and odor if they are polluted or if they contain gases, eg,... 

Biological fouling biological organisms attach to heat transfer surface and build a surface to prevent good fluid contact with the tube surface. 

Logical depth is thus consistent with our intuitive understanding of complexity. A complex biological organism is deep precisely because it requires a long and complex computation to describe. On the other hand, a regularly arranged crystal is... 

A biomarker is here defined as a biological response to an environmental chemical at the individual level or below, which demonstrates a departure from normality. Responses at higher levels of biological organization are not, according to this definition, termed biomarkers. Where such biological responses can be readily measnred, they may provide the basis for biomarker assays, which can be nsed to stndy the effects of chemicals in the laboratory or, most importantly, in the field. There is also interest in their employment as tools for the environmental risk assessment of chemicals. 

Remarkably, alkanes are oxidatively transformed by biological organisms at benign temperatures and pressures. Clearly, enzymatic transformations of alkanes and their well studied mechanisms (e.g., for cytochrome P450) are beyond the... 

Liquid crystal sounds like a contradiction. Liquids are fluid, their molecules continually changing places in a manner that is not particularly well organized. Crystals are immobile, their molecules locked into fixed positions that form regular patterns. Yet, not only does this unusual combination of fluidity and regular patterns exist, it plays important roles in biological organisms. 

All biological organisms have the ability to reproduce themselves. The instructions for self-replication are stored and transmitted by macromolecules called nucleic acids. There are two types of nucleic acids, one that stores genetic information and one that transmits the information. Genetic information is stored in molecules of deoxyribonucleic... 

C13-0101. Explain the major differences between fibrous proteins and globular proteins. What role does each t T>e of protein play in biological organisms ... 

Despite its relatively late discovery, phosphorus is the eleventh most abundant element in Earth s crustal rock. It has been estimated that world reserves of phosphate rock are sufficient to last for several hundred years. Virtually all phosphorus deposits contain apatite, whose general formula is Caj (P04)3 X, where X — OH, or Cl. Fluoroapatite is the least soluble, hence most abundant, of the three apatite minerals. Phosphorus Is found in aqueous systems as HPOq and H2 PO4 ions. In biological organisms, phosphorus is a component of nucleic acids and energy-shuttling molecules such as ATP. 

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