Biological membranes membrane transport

Gottesman, M.M., Ambudkar, S.V., Cornwell, M.M., Pastan, I. and Germann, U.A. (1996) Multidrug resistance transporter, in Molecular Biology of Membrane Transport Disorders, (ed. S.G. Schultz), Plenum Press, New York, NY, pp.243-257. 

Kaminski HJ and Ruff RL. The myasthenic syndromes. In Schultz SG, Andreoli TE, Brown AM (eds.). Molecular Biology of Membrane Transport Disorders. New York Plenum, 1996. 

An area that has truly blossomed in the last five years is that surrounding biological materials, and in particular biological membranes. The transport of... 

There are several mechanisms for explaining how biological membranes can transport charged or uncharged substrates against their thermodynamic forces. It is widely accepted that cross-transports by a protein are discrete events. Biomembranes contain enzymes, pores, charges or membrane potentials, and catalytic activities associated with the transport of substrates. It is well established that the electrostatic interactions between the membrane and a charged... 

The above model is useful however, biological membranes, which transport various substances, are complex systems. Such membranes are close to composite membranes with series and parallel elements. A value of q < 1 shows an incomplete coupling, where a metabolic energy must be expended to maintain an electrochemical potential difference of sodium even in the absence of active transport, that is (./, )y =0 A0. 

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