Biological functional properties diffusion process

Environmental contamination, either from diffuse or point sources, may compromise the ability of ecosystems to provide society with those goods and services that we require. Contamination is also linked to other widely recognised anthropogenic threats to sustainable functioning of our planet, such as the loss of biodiversity. As many soil properties and processes are conferred by soil biota, it is currently widely agreed that biological characteristics should be taken into account when evaluating the quality, or health, of soil [13, 16]. 

Many fundamental biological processes appear to depend on unique properties of inner hydrophilic domains of the membrane proteins in which ions or water molecules diffuse along the directional pathways. In the membrane protein systems simple inner functional moieties (i.e. carbonyl, hydroxyl, amide, etc.) are pointing toward the protein core, surrounded by the outer scaffolding protein wall orienting the transport direction. Bilayer or nanotube artificial membranes were developed with the hope of mimicking the natural ion-channels, which can directly benefit the fields of separations, sensors or storage-delivery devices. 

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