Biofilm formation system contamination

An increase in chlorine demand, higher than normal water pressure differentials, or observation of rapid biofilm formation is often a good indicator of process contamination. Also, the system pH is often thrown off course. Process operators tend to notice reductions in heat-transfer efficiency or greater pressure differentials when process contamination occurs. 

In some technological and medical applications protein adsorption and/or cell adhesion is advantageous, but in others it is detrimental. In bioreactors it is stimulated to obtain favourable production conditions. In contrast, biofilm formation may cause contamination problems in water purification systems, in food processing equipment and on kitchen tools. Similarly, bacterial adhesion on synthetic materials used for e.g. artificial organs and prostheses, catheters, blood bags, etc., may cause severe infections. Furthermore, biofilms on heat exchangers, filters, separation membranes, and also on ship hulls oppose heat and mass transfer and increase frictional resistance. These consequences clearly result in decreased production rates and increased costs. 

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