Bioelectric phenomena

Acceleration of Bone Growth by an Electric Field Electrical currents have been used to heal bone fractures since the mid-1800s (Julius Wolff, 1835-1902 James Prescott Joule, 1818-1889), and the effect of electrical stimulation on bone has long been studied and well documented (Bassett and Becker, 1962 Bassett, 1968 Bassett et al, 1974). It has also long been known that the growth of bone is affected by the presence of materials with different dielectric behavior, as suggested by the so-called bioelectric phenomenon in bone (Fukada, 1957 Shamos et al, 1963 ... 

The phenomenon of bioelectrical catalysis with direct electron transfer from electrode to enzyme active site was primarily observed in the study of electrochemical oxygen reduction in the presence of a copper-containing oxidase - laccase, adsorbed on electrodes of different origins. This work was developed with peroxidase and hydrogenase application as the working components [2],... 

Bioelectric Potentials of the Nerve. In the resting state, the interior of the nerve, i.e. the axoplasm, has a potential of —60 mV with respect to the surrounding liquid. This membrane potential is established by an appropriate distribution of ions the Na+-ion concentration is very low inside, but relatively high on the outside, and the permeability of the membrane for Na+ ions is very small. The interior contains more K+ and Cl. This typical nonequilibrium is maintained by a continuous supply of energy Na+ ions diffusing into the interior are transported back out. Very graphically, one speaks of a sodium pump powered by ATP. This apt expression, however, does not provide a scientific explanation of the phenomenon. The mechanism of active transport has yet to be explained. 

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