Bingham and White

Temperatme, °C. Poiseuille (1843). Thorpe and Rodger (1894)6 Hoskmg (I960).7 Bingham and White (1912).8... 

Bingham and White, Zeitsch. physikal. Ghem., 1912, 80, 684. See also for ontieal discussion of viscosity measurements, Bingham, Trans. Chem. Soc, 1913, 103, 959. 

Obviously, the work of Stokes (1845) was unknown to Rogers and Sabin however, in the same year we find the work of Bingham and White (1911) in which a capillary tube viscometer is described. Thqr remark that ".the well known formula of Poiseuille for the flow of a liquid through a capillary tube may be written as"... 

Here V is the "rate of transpiration" (in fact V is the total volume of flow passing through the capillary tube in a time t), Z is the length of the capillary tube, r is the radius, and H is the coefficient of viscosity. Bingham and White refer to the earlier work of Thorpe and Roger [Z. physik Chem., gS. 619 (1908)] with the comment that they ".have already shown that the horizontal tube method of Poiseuille may be used for measuring viscosities." In the following year. White (1912) described... 

In more recent years. White and Suh [53] and White et al. [54] have developed three-dimensional models of compoimds with anisotropic disldike particles, which exhibit yield values. These produce direction dependent flow characteristics. Later Robinson et al. [55] described a transversely isotropic Bingham fluid model. 

Extending the approach originated by Hohenemser and Prager (1932) and Oldroyd (1947), White (1979) formulated a rheological model for nonlinear viscoelastic Bingham fluids with an explicit criterion for yield behavior ... 

Western white pine does not layer or sprout naturally. Stem cuttings from trees more than 4 to 5 years old root with poor success (Bingham et al., 1972). Auxin promotes rooting of stem cuttings, and this effect can be further enhanced with sucrose. Needle fascicles from 2-year-old seedlings have produced roots and some have produced shoots successfully (Graham, 1990) but fascicles lose the ability to root with maturation of seedling donors (Andrews, 1980). 

Bingham, R.T., and G.E. Rehfeldt. 1970. Cone and seed yields in young western white pines. USDA Forest Service Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Research Paper INT-79. Ogden, UT. 12 pp. 

Bingham, R.T., R.J. Hoff and R.J. Steinhoff. 1972. Genetics of western white pine. USDA Eorest Service Research Paper WO-12. Washington, DC. 18 pp. 

---